Atrocities by Czarniecki's troops against communities accused of having made pacts with the Swedes

The troops of Stefan Czarniecki, who were reconquering the country from the Swedes, turned against the Jewish communities of Cracovie, Poznań, and Kalisz, accused of having made common cause with the occupier.

The accusation was unjust: the Jews had endured the Swedes as the rest of the population had, and many had fled before them. But they were bound to the nobility, and the national army struck them as one strikes an intermediary. The mechanism is the same as at the other end of the war: whatever the army, they were reputed to be on the side of the other.