19th century
Exclusion from the zemstvos
12 juin 1890·Empire russe
The toll is reproduced exactly as the source states it — never rounded, never added to another. Tolls overlap from one event to the next.
the reform of provincial assemblies strips Jews of the right to sit and vote in them
The reform of provincial assemblies stripped Jews of the Russian Empire of their right to sit and vote in them. The zemstvos administered schools, hospitals, roads, and relief services — that is, everything touching the daily life of the countryside and small towns; to be excluded from them was to lose one's voice in the affairs of one's own locality while continuing to pay its taxes. The measure was part of the great rolling back of Alexander II's reforms, set in motion after his assassination: what the preceding generation had opened was being quietly closed again, article by article, and those years saw the decision to emigrate take shape in hundreds of thousands of families.
- Period :
- 19th century
- Type :
- Persecution
- Region :
- Central and Eastern Europe
- Country :
- Empire russe
Simon Doubnov, *Histoire des Juifs de Russie et de Pologne* ; Hans Rogger, *Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia* ; *Encyclopaedia Judaica*, article « Russia ».