13th–14th centuries
Legal persecution
1215·Rome, IVᵉ concile du Latran
The toll is reproduced exactly as the source states it — never rounded, never added to another. Tolls overlap from one event to the next.
compulsory distinctive sign, exclusion from public office, prohibition from appearing in public at Passover
The Fourth Lateran Council, convened in Rome by Innocent III, was the assembly that fixed the condition of Jews in Christendom for centuries to come. It imposed a distinguishing mark on clothing so that Jews could not be mistaken for Christians, barred them from public office, and forbade them from appearing in public during the holy days of Easter.
The canons prescribed no violence, but they made difference visible to all and transformed a legal status into a mark carried on the body. Each kingdom then applied them in its own way — the rouelle in France, the horned hat in the Empire, the badge in England — and it is from this that the discriminatory legislation of subsequent centuries largely derives.
- Period :
- 13th–14th centuries
- Type :
- Persecution
- Region :
- Western Europe
- Country :
- Italie
*Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta*, canons LXVII à LXX ; Solomon Grayzel, *The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century*.