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Haskalah & Emancipation1801-1900 apr. J.-C.

XIXth century CE

Émancipation, émigration et naissance du sionisme

Summary

Grande Sanhédrin de Napoléon (1807). Émancipation en Europe occidentale. Pogroms en Russie (1881). Theodor Herzl publie Der Judenstaat (1896) et réunit le premier congrès sioniste (1897).

Notable events

  • 1807Grand Sanhédrin de Paris convoqué par Napoléon ; structuration consistoriale du judaïsme français.
  • 1845Naissance du mouvement réformé à Francfort ; Geiger, Holdheim modernisent la liturgie.
  • 1860Fondation de l'Alliance israélite universelle par Crémieux, Astruc, Léven, Manuel.
  • 1881Assassinat d'Alexandre II ; vagues de pogromes en Russie ; début des grandes migrations vers l'Amérique.
  • 1894Début de l'affaire Dreyfus en France ; Theodor Herzl journaliste au procès à Paris.
  • 1896Herzl publie Der Judenstaat (« L'État des Juifs ») ; naissance du sionisme politique.
  • 29 août 1897Premier Congrès sioniste à Bâle ; Herzl : « À Bâle, j'ai fondé l'État juif. »

The century in narrative

Le XIXᵉ siècle apr. J.-C. est le siècle de la plus grande mutation du peuple juif depuis Abraham. Il commence sous Napoléon avec l'émancipation ; il se termine sous Herzl avec le sionisme. En cent ans, le judaïsme européen passe du ghetto à l'opéra, du shtetl à l'université, du yiddish au français, à l'allemand, à l'anglais, à l'hébreu moderne. Mais il découvre aussi que l'assimilation ne suffit pas — l'antisémitisme moderne, racial et non plus religieux, lui rappelle brutalement qu'il est, quoi qu'il fasse, peuple à part.

La première moitié du siècle est celle de **l'émancipation**. Napoléon convoque en 1806-1807 l'Assemblée des Notables puis le Grand Sanhédrin — évocation symbolique de l'ancien Sanhédrin de Jérusalem — pour répondre à douze questions sur la compatibilité du judaïsme avec la citoyenneté française. Les rabbins répondent avec finesse. Napoléon crée les consistoires (1808), qui structurent le judaïsme français jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Les Pays-Bas, les États allemands, l'Italie abolissent progressivement leurs ghettos. La Grande-Bretagne admet Lionel de Rothschild au Parlement en 1858. L'Empire austro-hongrois émancipe en 1867. L'Allemagne impériale en 1871. L'Italie en 1870.

Avec l'émancipation viennent les choix identitaires. **Le judaïsme libéral** (ou réformé) naît en Allemagne (Abraham Geiger, Samuel Holdheim, Israel Jacobson) : liturgie en allemand, orgue, égalité des femmes, modernisation doctrinale. **Le judaïsme orthodoxe moderne** lui répond avec Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) et sa formule *Torah im Derekh Eretz* — Torah et intégration sociale. **Le judaïsme conservateur** émerge avec Zacharias Frankel et l'École de Wroclaw. La **Wissenschaft des Judentums** (Science du judaïsme) — Leopold Zunz, Moritz Steinschneider, Heinrich Graetz — applique la méthode historique à l'étude du judaïsme ; la *Geschichte der Juden* de Graetz devient la première grande histoire moderne du peuple juif.

Les grandes institutions philanthropiques apparaissent. L'**Alliance israélite universelle**, fondée à Paris en 1860 par Adolphe Crémieux, Aristide Astruc, Narcisse Léven, Eugène Manuel, lance un réseau mondial d'écoles — de Tétouan à Damas, de Téhéran à Tanger. C'est l'auto-civilisation du monde juif oriental par les lumières occidentales.

Mais pendant ce temps, à l'Est, les choses s'aggravent. L'Empire russe, qui hérite depuis les partitions de la Pologne (1772-1795) d'une population juive de 1,5 million d'âmes, les confine dans la **Zone de Résidence**. Tsar Nicolas Iᵉʳ impose le service militaire de 25 ans dès 12 ans (*cantonisation*) pour favoriser la conversion. Les pogromes d'Odessa (1871) annoncent ceux de 1881 qui suivront l'assassinat d'Alexandre II : 200 communautés attaquées, des milliers de morts. Les fameux *Protocoles des Sages de Sion*, faux antisémite fabriqué par la police secrète russe, circulent à partir de 1903.

Face au double danger — antisémitisme russe violent, antisémitisme occidental culturel incarné par Richard Wagner, Édouard Drumont, Karl Lueger —, deux réponses massives surgissent.

D'abord, **l'émigration vers l'Amérique**. Entre 1881 et 1914, plus de deux millions de Juifs d'Europe orientale franchissent l'Atlantique ; New York devient la première ville juive du monde. Le Lower East Side s'emplit de yiddishophones.

Ensuite, **le sionisme**. En 1896, un journaliste viennois qui a couvert l'affaire Dreyfus publie un mince livre, *Der Judenstaat*. **Theodor Herzl** (1860-1904) y propose la création d'un État juif. Il réunit à Bâle, du 29 au 31 août 1897, le premier Congrès sioniste. Deux cents délégués de dix-sept pays y votent la création de l'Organisation sioniste mondiale. Dans son journal ce soir-là, Herzl écrit : *« Si je devais résumer le Congrès de Bâle en un mot, ce serait celui-ci : à Bâle, j'ai fondé l'État juif. Si je disais cela publiquement aujourd'hui, un rire universel me répondrait. Dans cinq ans peut-être, en tout cas dans cinquante, chacun le comprendra. »* Il avait presque raison : cinquante-et-un ans plus tard, Israël naîtrait.

Le XIXᵉ siècle s'achève sur cette prophétie suspendue. Le XXᵉ en fera la tragédie et l'accomplissement.

Figures of the century (5,555)

A. M. Fuks

1890-1974

Galician Yiddish short-story writer.

Aaron (Aron) Gerschel et les frères Gerschel

Aaron : 1832–1910 ; atelier fondé en 1856

Son of Abraham Gerschel (1794–1851), merchant of Niederrœdern, the Gerschel brothers (Samuel, Mathias, Aron, Édouard, Jules) founded in 1856 in Strasbourg (3 rue de la Mésange) the studio « Gerschel…

Aaron ben Asher of Karlin

Hasidic rabbi of northwestern Russia, born in 1802 and died on June 23, 1872, who exercised in Karlin, near Pinsk, in succession to his father and his grandfather Aaron ben Jacob, before settling in…

Aaron ben Ḥayyim

Exegete active in the first half of the 19th century in Grodno, Russia. He is the author of the "Moreh Derek", which recounts the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, their wanderings in the…

Aaron ben Menahem Mendel

Russian rabbi active in the early 19th century, author of the « Seyag la-Torah » (Lemberg, 1810), which lists the passages of the Babylonian Talmud cited in the Tosafot; the work is a plagiarism of a…

Aaron de Pinsk

Rabbi in Kretingen, in the government of Kovno, then in Pinsk, where he died in 1841. He is the author of the « Tosafot Aharon », devoted to resolving the questions of the Tosafists in various…

Aaron Glanz-Leyeles

1889-1966

Yiddish poet (A. Leyeles), cofounder and theorist of the In Zikh group.

Aaron Hyman

1863–1937

rabbi and author

Aaron Kushnirov

1890-1949

Soviet Yiddish poet from the Kiev circles (Vidervuks).

Aaron Moses ben Mordecai

One of the rare cabalistic authors of recent times in East Prussia, author of the « Nishmat Shelomoh Mordecai » (Johannisberg, 1852), so named in memory of his son who died in infancy. Presented on…

Aaron Wise

1844–1896

American rabbi

Aaron Zeitlin

1898-1973

Yiddish and Hebrew playwright, poet and essayist, author of "Chelmer Chachomim".

Aba Serero

mort en 1835

Rabbi of Fès, nineteenth century. Died in 5595 of the Hebrew era (1835). Son of Yehonatan. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 19-1.

Abba Hillel Silver

1893–1963

American rabbi

Abba Yaakov Boruchow

1848–1936

Abd-ul-ḥamid Ii

Thirty-fourth Ottoman sultan, born September 22, 1842, he succeeded his brother Murad V on August 31, 1876. First Turkish sovereign to grant Jews equality before the law with their Muslim…

Abd-ul-mejid

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1839-61), he continues toward the Jews of Turkey the work of his predecessor Mahmoud II. The Ottoman charters of 1839 and 1856 grant them equality before the law, access…

Abdallah Somekh

1813–1889

Rosh yeshiva and posek of Iraqi Jewry

Abe (Aba) Kliger

1892–1961

Born in Lutsk in Volhynia, son of a hazzan. Yiddish poet, one of the pioneers of printed Yiddish poetry in Argentina. He published collections of poems and translated Indian and Buddhist texts into…

Abel, Solomon ben Ḳalman Halevi

Russian teacher and moral author, born March 11, 1857 in Novomyesto-Sugint (Neustadt), district of Rossieny, government of Kovno, died in Telsh on October 12, 1886; his success as a teacher at the…

Abeles, Marcus

Physician and private lecturer at the University of Vienna, born in Nedraschitz (Bohemia) in 1837, died in Vienna on December 31, 1894; after his studies in Prague and Vienna, he settled in Cairo,…

Abelman, Ilia Solomonovich

Russian astronomer born in Dünaburg (today Dvinsk) in 1866 and died in Wilna on December 29, 1898, trained in Moscow and then Berlin, he worked at the observatories of Pulkovo and Saint Petersburg.…

Abenheim, Joseph

Violinist and orchestra conductor born in Worms in 1804, died in Stuttgart on January 18, 1891; student of Schlösser and then Reicha, he entered in 1825 the royal orchestras of Stuttgart, which he…

Aberle , Abraham

Moravian Hebraist established in Austerlitz in the third decade of the 19th century. The entirety of his literary production — poems, metrical translations, exegetical notes and riddles — appeared in…

Abiezer, Judah ben Isaac, de Tiktin

Jewish author of the nineteenth century, he resided in Jerusalem where he wrote several works: « Michmeret ha-Berit » (1846), a defense of Judaism against irreligion, « Cha'aré Tsédek » (1848), on…

Abner Israel Hassarfaty

1827–1884

Rabbi, kabbalist and historian of Fès, author of the chronicle Yahas Fas.

Abner Israel Sarfati

1826–1884

Rabbi, 19th century. Born in 5586 (1826), died in 5644 (1884) of the Hebrew era. Son of Vidal IV. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-4.

Abraham (Albert) Elijah Harkavy

1835–1919

Born in Novogroudok, trained at the Volozhin yeshiva then at the University of Saint Petersburg, Harkavy was a major orientalist and historian. Head of the department of Jewish and Oriental…

Abraham Abba Grossbard

1893–1946

Abraham Abba Werner

1837–1912

Russian rabbi

Abraham Abekhzer

1866–1929

Born in Tafilalet in 1866, he moved to Jerusalem with his family in 1871, and settled around 1892 in Alexandria where he was secretary-notary of the Community, directed a rabbinical school and…

Abraham Abele ben Naphtali

Rabbi in Kherson in the first half of the nineteenth century, author of « Bet Abraham » (Szydlkow, 1837), which gathers notes on ritual codes, drawn mainly from the literature of responsa, as well as…

Abraham Aben Danan

1796–1833

Rabbi of Fès, nineteenth century. Born in 5556 (1796), died in 5593 (1833) of the Hebrew era. Son of Menashe. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-1.

Abraham Abitbol

mentionné en 1835

Rabbi of Rabat, nineteenth century. Mentioned in 5595 of the Hebrew era (1835). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-2.

Abraham Anahori

mentionné en 1830

Rabbi, 19th century. Mentioned in 5590 of the Hebrew era (1830). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 14-3.

Abraham Ashkenazi

1813–1880

rabbi (1813–1880)

Abraham Asscher

1884–1926

Abraham Assulin

mentionné en 1806

Rabbi of Marrakech, nineteenth century. Mentioned in 5566 of the Hebrew era (1806). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-1.

Abraham Azran

mentionné en 1861

Rabbi of Safi, 19th century. Mentioned in 5621 of the Hebrew era (1861). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-3.

Abraham Baer Gottlober

1810-1899

Poet, dramatist and memoirist of the Russian Haskala.

Abraham Ben Attar

mentionné en 1849

Rabbi of Mogador (Essaouira), nineteenth century. Mentioned in 5609 of the Hebrew era (1849). Son of Yosef. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham ben David Ha-Cohen Squili (Scali)

mort en 1871

Judge at the rabbinic court of Taza, member of the Cohen-Scali/Squili sacerdotal family of Debdou. Author of works on the laws of circumcision and on the Orah Hayyim.

Abraham Ben David uyosef

mentionné en 1841

Rabbi of Fez, nineteenth century. Mentioned in 5601 of the Hebrew era (1841). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-2.

Abraham Ben Hamu

mentionné en 1819

Rabbi of Debdou, nineteenth century. Mentioned in 5579 of the Hebrew era (1819). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 15-4.

Abraham Ben Hamu

mentionné en 1851

Rabbi of Debdou, 19th century. Mentioned in 5611 of the Hebrew era (1851). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-3.

Abraham ben Joseph Elmaleh

XIXe s.

Rabbi of Mogador, he played a role in the spiritual and community life of the Jews of Morocco and was one of its important poets. He published « Sova Semaḥot », a collection of poems imbued with…

Abraham ben Joseph Solomon Haḥazan

Karaite rabbi of Koslov, today Eupatoria, in Crimea, active in the first half of the nineteenth century. Trained by his father, Joseph Salomon, in Karaite literature and science, he succeeded him in…

Abraham Ben Moha

mentionné en 1881

Rabbi of Marrakech, 19th century. Mentioned in 5641 of the Hebrew era (1881). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-2.

Abraham Ben Sussan

7ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1840–1939)

Rabbi, active in the 7th century of the Hebrew era (1840–1939). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-4.

Abraham Ben Waish

mort en 1819

Rabbi of Meknes, 19th century. Died in 5579 of the Hebrew era (1819). Son of Shmuel. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 14-3.

Abraham Ben Waish

mort en 1819

Rabbi of Meknès, nineteenth century. Died in 5579 of the Hebrew era (1819). Son of Shmuel. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 14-3.

Abraham Berdugo

mentionné en 1830

Rabbi of Meknès, 19th century. Mentioned in 5590 of the Hebrew era (1830). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-4.

Abraham Berliner

1833–1915

German Jewish theologian and historian

Abraham Bloch

1859–1914

French rabbi

Abraham Chazan

1849–1917

Russian rabbi

Abraham Cohen

1887–1957

English scholar (1887–1957)

Abraham Cohen Skali

mort en 1871

Rabbi of Taza, 19th century. Died in 5631 of the Hebrew era (1871). Son of David. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 10-2.

Abraham Cohen Skali

mentionné en 1841

Rabbi of Fès, nineteenth century. Mentioned in 5601 of the Hebrew era (1841). Son of Moshe. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-1.

Abraham Cohen Skali

mort en 1836

Rabbi of Debdou, nineteenth century. Died in 5596 of the Hebrew era (1836). Son of Yaakov. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 10-1.

Abraham Cronbach

1882–1965

American rabbi

Abraham Dadoun

mort à Tlemcen vers 1870

Rabbi and judge (dayan) of the first generation of French occupation in Algeria, born in Algiers and died in Tlemcen around 1870; his tomb in the old cemetery of Tlemcen became a pilgrimage site.…

Abraham Damri

1898–1950

Son of Rabbi Maatouk, prolific author whose manuscripts were published posthumously: « Ismah Moché » (Jerusalem, 1971) and « Hessed vérahamim » (Jerusalem, 1979).

Abraham Danon

1857–1925

French rabbi (1857-1925)

Abraham de Sola

1825–1882

Canadian rabbi

Abraham de Wolff

1878–1943

Dutch Rabbi

Abraham Dob Baer ben David D'ovruch

Rabbi of Jitomir, in Russia, around 1840. Trained in Talmudic study under Mordekhaï, rabbi of Chernobyl and disciple of the Baal Shem Tov, he wrote homilies on the Pentateuch, entitled « Beth Ḥayyim…

Abraham Drabkin

1844–1917

Rabbi born in Mogilev (Belarus, 1844-1917), trained at the yeshiva of Volozhin, official rabbi ("Kazionny Ravin") of Saint Petersburg from 1876 to 1908.

Abraham Elbaz

mentionné en 1801

Rabbi of Fez, 19th century. Mentioned in 5561 of the Hebrew era (1801). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-4.

Abraham Elkayam

mentionné en 1829

Rabbi, nineteenth century. Mentioned in 5589 of the Hebrew era (1829). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-1.

Abraham Epstein

1841–1918

Russo-Austrian scholar

Abraham Gatigno (Gattegno)

XIXe s. (grand rabbin de Salonique à partir de 1875)

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Abraham Gatigno was appointed ḥakham bashi (chief rabbi) of Salonika on January 10, 1875 and founded the first modern Jewish school in the city. He is the author…

Abraham Geiger

1810–1874

German rabbi and scholar, the principal theorist of Reform Judaism and its historical-critical approach. Cofounder of the science of Judaism.

Abraham Goldfaden

1840–1908

Born in Starokostiantyniv in 1840, he discovered theater at the rabbinical school in Jitomir. In 1876 he founded in Iași the first professional company of theater in Yiddish language, serving as its…

Abraham Hagège

m. 1880

Chief Rabbi of Tunis (1873–1880), author of Zaro shel Abraham.

Abraham Hayyim Adadi

1801–1874

Hakham and av beit din of Tripoli; author of the Vayikra Avraham (responsa) and HaShomer Emet.

Abraham Ḥayyim ben Gedaliah

Galician Talmudist active in the early nineteenth century, disciple of the brothers Pinḥas and Samuel Horowitz and considered, like them, among the most learned Ḥassidim. He held his Ḥassidic…

Abraham Hirsch ben Jacob Eisenstadt of Byelostok

1812–1868

Russian rabbi

Abraham Hochmuth

1816–1889

Hungarian rabbi

Abraham Isaac Laredo

1895–1968

Born in Tangier in 1895, historian and community notable who contributed to the development of health and education institutions. Author of a reference onomastic dictionary on the names of Moroccan…

Abraham Isaac Sperling

1851–1921

Galician rabbinic scholar best known as the author of "Taamei HaMinhagim U'Mekorei HaDinim" (Reasons for Jewish Customs and Sources of Jewish Law), a widely cited reference work on the origins of…

Abraham Jacob Paperna

1840-1919

Educator and critic of the Russian Haskala, theorist of Hebrew poetry.

Abraham Jakob Mark

1884–1941

rabbi (1884-1941)

Abraham Joshua Heshel

1888–1967

Second Kopishnitzer Rebbe

Abraham Judah ha-Kohen Schwartz

1824–1883

Hungarian rabbi

Abraham Kohn

1807–1848

Czech rabbi

Abraham Kuhn

1838–1900

Alsatian physician and professor of otology at the University of Strasbourg (1838–1900)

Abraham Lekhrief

mort en 1805

Rabbi of Meknès, 19th century. Died in 5565 of the Hebrew era (1805). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 14-3.

Abraham Levi Ben Sussan

mort en 1803

Rabbi, nineteenth century. Died in 5563 of the Hebrew era (1803). Son of Yitshak. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-4.

Abraham Lewinsky

1866–1941

German rabbi

Abraham Matitiahu Friedman

1847–1933

Hasidic rabbi from Romania

Abraham Michalski

1889–1961

German rabbi

Abraham Monsonego

mort en 1873

Rabbi of Fes, 19th century. Died in 5633 of the Hebrew era (1873). Son of Yeshua. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-4.

Abraham Neuda

1812–1854

Czech rabbi

Abraham Palaggi

1809–1899

Chief rabbi of Smyrna for thirty years, author of some twenty works on Jewish law.

Abraham Pereira Mendes

1825–1893

British Orthodox rabbi (1825–1893)

Abraham Perlmutter

1843–1930

Abraham Peso

mentionné en 1834

Rabbi of Meknes, 19th century. Mentioned in 5594 of the Hebrew era (1834). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-1.

Abraham Regelson

1896-1981

Poet, author for youth and translator, innovative Hebrew style.

Abraham Resnick

1867–1942

American rabbi

Abraham Rodriguo

mentionné en 1835

Rabbi of Rabat, 19th century. Mentioned in 5595 of the Hebrew era (1835). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-4.

Abraham Salomon Frank

1838–1917

Abraham Samson Onderwijzer

1862–1934

Chief Rabbi (1862–1934)

Abraham Samuel Benjamin Wolf Sofer

1815–1871

Hungarian rabbi

Abraham Schrameck

1867–1948

From a family of Jewish merchants (of Alsatian origin according to Encyclopedia.com), he had a long career in public administration, was governor general of Madagascar (1918–1919), Minister of the…

Abraham Schreiber

1897–1982

Abraham Schweizer

1875–1942

German rabbi

Abraham Semana

7ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1840–1939)

Rabbi of Marrakech, active in the 7th century of the Hebrew era (1840–1939). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Shalom Friedberg

1838-1902

Writer and editor (Ha-Melitz, Ha-Tsefira), activist of the early Hibbat Zion.

Abraham Stein

1818–1884

German rabbi (1818–1884)

Abraham Tobias Boas

1844–1923

rabbi of a Hebrew congregation (1844-1923)

Abraham van Loen

1847–1925

Dutch rabbi (1847–1925)

Abraham Wedell

1844–1891

German rabbi

Abraham Weinberg

1804–1883

Slonimer Rebbi

Abraham Weiss

1896–1970

Academic and traditional Talmudic scholar (1895–1970)

Abraham Wertheim

1823–1899

Founder in 1852 at Stralsund of the Wertheim department store chain, extended to Berlin by his sons from 1885 onwards. The immense flagship at Leipziger Platz (1897, architect Alfred Messel) became a…

Abraham Wolf Binder

1895–1966

Born in New York in 1895, trained at the New York College of Music and Columbia. Musical director of the Stephen S. Wise Free Synagogue and teacher of liturgical music at the Jewish Institute of…

Abraham Wolff

1801–1891

Chief Rabbi of Denmark (1801-1891)

Abraham Yehudah Khein

1877–1957

Rabbi and pacifist (1877–1957)

Abraham Ẓebi de Piotrkow

Polish Talmudist active in the early 19th century, he was rabbi in several Polish communities, including Piotrków, where he died. His work « Berit Abraham » (Dyhernfurth, 1818) collects responsa…

Abraham, Abraham

English author and community leader, died on March 31, 1863 in Liverpool, where he resided for forty years and held various honorific positions in the synagogue and Jewish institutions of the city.…

Abraham, Adolphe

French colonel born in Thionville on March 21, 1814, enlisted as a volunteer at eighteen, he participated in the siege of Antwerp then rose through the ranks to the rank of lieutenant in 1846. He…

Abraham, Bernard

French artillery brigadier general, born in Nancy on January 12, 1824. Entered the École polytechnique in 1843, he served as a lieutenant in Strasbourg, was promoted captain in 1854 and fought in the…

Abraham, Émile

French dramatic author born in Paris in 1833, he devoted himself entirely to the theater as author, dramatic critic and editor of the theater column of the « Petit Journal », before becoming general…

Abraham, Philip

English author and Hebraist born in 1803, died in London on December 17, 1890. He published notably « The Autobiography of a Jewish Gentleman » (1860), « Autumn Gatherings », collection of prose and…

Abraham, Phinehas

West Indian merchant born in Jamaica in the early nineteenth century and died on February 19, 1887, one of the last survivors of that body of West Indian merchants who contributed largely to the…

Abrahams, Abraham

Author of works on sheḥiṭah, he was born in Siedlce, Poland in December 1801 and died in Jerusalem on January 23, 1880. Fleeing persecution by the Russian government, he went to England in 1837,…

Abrahams, Barnett

Dayyan of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London and principal of Jews' College, he was born in Warsaw in 1831 and died in London on November 15, 1863. Trained at University College and…

Abrahams, Israel

English author and teacher born in London on November 26, 1858, son of Barnett Abrahams, he was trained at Jews' College and at University College London, where he obtained a master's degree in 1881,…

Abrahams, Louis Barnett

Director of the Jews' Free School in London, born in Swansea (Wales) in 1842, he was engaged as a student teacher with Moses Angel at the Jews' Free School in 1854, became principal instructor of…

Abrahamson, August

Swedish philanthropist and founder of the Sloyd Seminary of Nääs, near Gothenburg, born on December 29, 1817 in Karlskrona and died on May 6, 1898 in Nääs, he made his fortune in the hardware trade…

Abram (Avraham) Kalantarov

fin XIXᵉ – début XXᵉ s.

With his brother Yakub, he owned oil mills and cotton gins, several dozen houses in the new city and the Jewish mahalla; member of the board of a bank, elected to the municipal duma of Samarkand…

Abram L. Sachar

1899–1993

American Jewish historian, son of a Jewish immigrant from Lithuania, who served as the founding president of Brandeis University (1948-1968).

Abram S. Isaacs

1851–1920

American rabbi

Abramino Tilche

fin XIXᵉ – début XXᵉ s.

Abramino Tilche presided over the mutual aid association « Ezrat Ahim » in Alexandria, which provided financial assistance to destitute members of the community (secretary: Zemah Amram, son of Rabbi…

Abramovich, Mikhail Solomonovich

Russian poet, son of Salomon (Cholem) Abramovitch, born in Berditchev in 1859 and trained at the gymnasium of Jitomir, he was involved in a revolutionary movement and banished successively in the…

Abrams, Harriet

English soprano and composer born in 1760 and died in the first half of the 19th century, eldest of three sisters all singers, she was a student of Doctor Arne and made her debut at the Drury Lane…

Abramson, Arthur von

Russian civil engineer born in Odessa on March 3, 1854, trained at the gymnasium of his native city and in mathematics at the university of Odessa, he obtained his diploma in civil engineering from…

Abramson, Bernard

Russian physician of the nineteenth century, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Saint Petersburg, he was made hereditary citizen of honor by the Russian government for his work in…

ABRASS, JOSHUA ; appelé aussi Pitzi

Famous hazan (cantor), nicknamed Pitzi, born in Austria around 1820 and died in Odessa in 1883, he was cantor in Tarnopol (1840-42), then in Lemberg (1842-60), before becoming chief cantor of the…

Abrest, Paul D'

Journalist born in Prague in 1850 and died in Vöslau, near Vienna, in July 1893, he studied at the Lycée Bonaparte in Paris before devoting himself to journalism, collaborating notably with "Le Petit…

Achbor

Achille-Edmond Halphen

XIXᵉ s. (Recueil publié en 1851)

Achille-Edmond Halphen compiled the « Collection of laws, decrees, ordinances… concerning Israelites since the Revolution of 1789 » (Paris, Bureaux des Archives israélites, 1851), a reference source…

Acsády, Ignatz

Hungarian historian born in Nagy-Károly on September 9, 1845, trained in Debrecen and Budapest, he began his career in journalism in 1869 with the "Századunk" then joined in 1870 the editorial board…

Adalberg, Samuel

Polish author born in Warsaw in 1868, he published in Warsaw in 1889-94 the « Liber Proverbiorum Polonicorum », which brings together forty thousand proverbs and remains the largest collection of its…

Adam-salomon, Antony Samuel

French sculptor born in La Ferté-sous-Jouarre in 1818 and died in Paris on April 29, 1881, trained as a modeler under Jacob Petit before studying sculpture in Paris and then in Switzerland and…

Adelsohn, Wolf

Russian-Hebrew scholar and teacher born in Lithuania at the very beginning of the 19th century and died in Odessa on August 13, 1866, disciple of Rabbi Manasseh ben Porath, he first taught at Lippe…

Adersbach, G. A

German poet died in 1823, he belonged to the generation which, in the first quarter of the 19th century, took an active part in the struggle for the emancipation of the Jews. His contributions to the…

Adler, Abraham Jacob

German rabbi and pedagogue born in 1813 and died in Worms in 1856, brother of rabbi Samuel Adler, he studied at Bonn and Giessen and then was a tutor in Hungary from 1839. Elected rabbi of Worms in…

Adler, Cyrus

Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution and founder of the American Jewish Historical Society, born in Van Buren (Arkansas) on September 13, 1863, he studied at the University of Pennsylvania (B.A.…

Adler, Dankmar

German-American architect and engineer born in Stadt-Lengsfeld on July 3, 1844 and died in Chicago on April 15, 1900, son of rabbi Liebman Adler, who emigrated to America with his family in 1854, he…

Adler, David Baruch

Danish banker and politician born May 16, 1826 in Copenhagen and died in that city on December 4, 1878, he became partner of a commission house in London in 1846, before returning to Copenhagen in…

Adler, Elkan Nathan

Lawyer and collector of Hebrew manuscripts born in London in 1861, son of the Chief Rabbi Nathan Adler, he traveled extensively in the Orient, undertaking from 1888 to 1898 three stays in Egypt and…

Adler, George

German economist and author born in Posen on 28 May 1863, whose doctoral thesis in 1883 focused on the Prussian state socialist Rodbertus-Jagetzow, he taught sociology as extraordinary professor at…

Adler, Gottlieb

Austrian physicist and mathematician born March 7, 1860 and died December 15, 1893 in Stecken, Bohemia. He studied at the gymnasium of Iglau, from which he graduated in 1877, then at the University…

Adler, Guido

Austrian musicologist born in Eibenschütz, Moravia, on November 1, 1855 — his father, a physician, died in 1857 —, he studied music in Vienna under Bruckner and Desoff before obtaining a doctorate in…

Adler, Hélène

German teacher and writer born in Frankfurt am Main in 1849, in the birthplace of Ludwig Börne, property of her father, one of the minor dignitaries of the Jewish community of the city, she graduated…

Adler, Isaac

Son of rabbi Samuel Adler, American physician and professor of clinical medicine at the New York Polyclinic Medical School, born in Alzey, Germany, in 1849 and emigrated to America in 1857, he was…

Adler, Jacob

Judeo-German actor born in Odessa on January 1, 1855, influenced by a Jewish troupe from Romania that came to Odessa in 1875, he resolved to devote himself to theater and made his debut in 1878 at…

Adler, Karl Friedrich

Austrian jurist born in Prague on March 31, 1865, son of Moritz Adler, he studied at the universities of Prague and Vienna, was extraordinary professor of commercial law in Vienna from 1893 to 1898,…

Adler, Liebmann

American rabbi born in Lengsfeld, near Eisenach, on 9 January 1812 and died in Chicago on 29 January 1892, trained in biblical and rabbinic literature by Isaac Hess and then at the talmudic college…

Adler, Michael

English rabbi born on 27 July 1868, trained at the Jews' Free School, the Jews' College and University College London, where he obtained a degree from the University of London, he was appointed…

Adler, Victor

Physician, journalist and leader of the Austrian labor movement, born in Prague on June 24, 1852, he abandoned his medical practice in Vienna, where contact with the misery of his patients had led…

Adolf Altmann

1879–1944

holocaust victim (1879–1944)

Adolf Baars

1892–1944

Born in Amsterdam in 1892, Dutch Jewish engineer and writer, he played an early role in the Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging and the founding of the Indonesian Communist Party. Returning to…

Adolf Beck

1863–1942

Polish Jew, physician of and professor of physiology at the University of Lemberg (1863–1942)

Adolf Brüll

1846–1908

Adolf Büchler

1867–1939

Hungarian theologian, rabbi and historian

Adolf Ehrlich

1837–1913

Adolf Ignaz Mautner von Markhof

1801–1889

Austrian entrepreneur (1801–1889)

Adolf Jellinek

1821–1893

Czech rabbi

Adolf Kober

1879–1958

German rabbi and historian (1879–1958)

Adolf Kraus

1850–1928

American lawyer

Adolf Kurrein

1846–1919

rabbin autrichien

Adolf Lewin

1843–1910

German rabbi

Adolf Posnanski

1854–1920

Older brother of Samuel Abraham. Rabbi in Reichenberg then Pilsen, teacher in Vienna. Specialist in messianic conceptions in Judaism and Christianity.

Adolf Rosenzweig

1850–1918

German rabbi

Adolf Salvendi

1837–1913

German rabbi

Adolf Schwab

1833–1897

Adolf Silberstein

1845–1899

Hungarian journalist, editorial advisor

Adolf Wiesner

1806–1867

Austrian writer and revolutionary

Adolph Abraham Schmiedl

1821–1913

Adolph Huebsch

1830–1884

American rabbi

Adolph Simon Ochs

1858–1935

American publisher born in Cincinnati to German Jewish immigrant parents; his father Julius Ochs was born in Fürth (Bavaria), son of merchant Lazarus Ochsenhorn. He purchased the New York Times in…

Adolphe Crémieux

1796–1880

French lawyer and politician, Minister of Justice, president of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. The Crémieux Decree of 1870 granted French citizenship to the Jews of Algeria.

Adolphe Franck

1809–1893

Born in Liocourt in Lorraine, initially destined for the rabbinate, he became a philosopher under the patronage of Victor Cousin and was the first French Jew to pass the agrégation in philosophy.…

Adolphe Ury

1849–1915

German political figure

Afanasyev-chuzhbinski, Alexander Stepanovich

Russian writer and ethnographer, Christian (1817-75), an enlightened author who did justice to Jews, he drew in his « Poyezdka v Ioujnouïou Rossiïou » (2 vol., Saint Petersburg, 1861-63) a faithful…

Aga, Benjamin

Chief of the Karaites of Crimea, died in 1824, he was royal treasurer of Selim Ghyreï Khan, the last Tatar sovereign of Crimea, which earned him, as it had his father Samuel before him (died in…

Agai, Adolf

Physician and journalist born on March 31, 1836 in Jankovácz, Hungary, son of a Galician physician who emigrated, he was educated in Budapest and Vienna before traveling extensively in Europe, Asia…

Aharon (II) Perlov de Karlin

1802–1872

Grandson of Aharon "the Great" of Karlin, he led the Hasidic movement of Karlin from 1826; his long reign marks the apex of the diffusion of Karlin Hasidism in Lithuania and Volhynia. He is at the…

Aharon Almaliah

mentionné en 1842

Rabbi of Mogador (Essaouira), 19th century. Mentioned in 5602 of the Hebrew era (1842). Son of Elazar. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 19-3.

Aharon ben Yosef ha-Kohen

1863–1936

Rabbi, son-in-law of Chofetz Chaim (1863–1936)

Aharon Botbol

mort en 1856

Rabbi, 19th century. Died in 5616 of the Hebrew era (1856). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 19-3.

Aharon Chelouche

v. 1829 – 1920

Sephardic Jew of Algerian origin whose family moved to Ottoman Palestine in 1840. Great notable of the Jewish community of Jaffa in the late 19th century, goldsmith and money-changer. He purchased…

Aharon David Deutsch

1812–1878

Born in Raudnitz (Bohemia) in 1812, student at the yeshivot of Prague and Pozsony and one of the favorite disciples of Hatam Sofer. Rabbi in Sebes (1846) then in Balassagyarmat (1851) until his…

Aharon Ever-Hadani (né Aharon Feldman)

1899–1972

Hebrew writer born near Pinsk, immigrated to Palestine in 1913; after serving in the Jewish Legion (World War I), he lived in the kibbutzim Maḥanayim and Kfar Giladi. He edited agricultural…

Aharon Haliwa

mentionné en 1853

Rabbi of Meknès, 19th century. Mentioned in 5613 of the Hebrew era (1853). Son of Moshe. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 20-1.

Aharon Hassin

mentionné en 1861

Rabbi, nineteenth century. Mentioned in 5621 of the Hebrew era (1861). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 19-4.

Aharon II de Karlin (Aharon ben Asher Perlow)

1802–1872

Fourth leader of the Hasidic dynasty of Karlin-Stolin, known as the "Beit Aharon" after his work. His teachings, homilies and letters, as well as those of his ancestors, form the foundational book of…

Aharon Ḳaminḳa

1866–1950

Jewish intellectual and translator (1866–1950)