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Haskalah & Emancipation1701-1800 apr. J.-C.

XVIIIth century CE

Baal Shem Tov, Gaon de Vilna, Mendelssohn

Summary

Le Baal Shem Tov (c. 1740) fonde le hassidisme ; le Gaon de Vilna (Élie de Vilna) anime l'opposition litvak. Moses Mendelssohn lance la Haskalah à Berlin (1743-1786). 1791 : émancipation des Juifs de France.

Notable events

  • c. 1740Israel ben Eliezer (Baal Shem Tov) commence à enseigner à Miedzybozh en Podolie.
  • 1772Excommunication des hassidim par le Gaon de Vilna ; première partition de la Pologne.
  • 1783Moses Mendelssohn publie sa traduction allemande de la Torah (Bi'ur).
  • 1791La France révolutionnaire émancipe tous les Juifs — premier pays d'Europe à le faire.
  • 1795Troisième partition de la Pologne ; 1,5 million de Juifs passent sous domination russe.
  • 1797Mort du Gaon de Vilna ; Rabbi Haïm de Volozhin fonde la grande yeshivah litvak en 1803.

The century in narrative

Le XVIIIᵉ siècle apr. J.-C. est celui où le judaïsme entre dans la modernité. Il n'y entre pas par une seule porte mais par trois, géographiquement distinctes, idéologiquement opposées : le **hassidisme** mystique d'Europe orientale, le **mitnagdisme** rationaliste de Lituanie, et la **Haskalah** (Lumières juives) de Berlin. Chacun de ces mouvements répond, à sa manière, à la question laissée ouverte par le sabbatéisme : comment vivre juif dans un monde qui change ?

En **Podolie**, province ukrainienne ruinée par les massacres de Khmelnytsky puis par les persécutions polonaises, émerge un personnage extraordinaire. **Israel ben Eliezer** (c. 1698-1760), plus tard connu comme le *Baal Shem Tov* (« Maître du Bon Nom ») — ou *Besht* par acronyme — commence vers 1740 à enseigner à Miedzybozh. Il n'est pas un grand talmudiste, mais un homme d'une prière brûlante, d'une joie déconcertante, d'un amour des humbles. Sa doctrine : Dieu est partout, chaque Juif peut Le servir par la prière sincère même sans grande érudition, la joie vaut l'étude, les *nitzotzot* lourianiques peuvent être relevées jusque dans les actes les plus quotidiens. Ses disciples multiplient ses récits et ses paraboles. Après sa mort, Dov Ber de Mezeritch (le Magguid) transforme le mouvement en réseau. Ses disciples — Levi Yitzhak de Berditchev, Elimelekh de Lizhensk, Shneur Zalman de Liadi (fondateur de Habad), Nahman de Bratslav — essaiment en Galicie, en Volhynie, en Biélorussie. Le *tsaddik*, le juste, devient figure centrale : médiateur entre Dieu et la communauté, faiseur de miracles, conseiller de vie. En cinquante ans, la moitié des Juifs d'Europe orientale deviennent hassidiques.

En face, en **Lituanie**, la résistance s'organise. **Élie de Vilna** (1720-1797), dit le *Gaon de Vilna*, est l'érudit le plus redoutable de son siècle — connaissant par cœur le Talmud, la Bible, la Kabbale, mais aussi la mathématique, l'astronomie, la grammaire. Il dénonce le hassidisme comme hérésie : culte des *tsaddikim*, négligence de l'étude, enthousiasme suspect, affinités sabbatéennes. En 1772, il prononce un *herem* (excommunication) contre les hassidim. Ses disciples, les *mitnagdim* (« opposants ») ou *litvaks* (Lituaniens), construisent un judaïsme austère, dévoué à l'étude talmudique intensive. **Haïm de Volozhin** (1749-1821), disciple du Gaon, fonde en 1803 la grande yeshivah de Volozhin — modèle de toutes les yeshivot litvak modernes. Pendant deux siècles, hassidim et mitnagdim se regarderont en chiens de faïence avant de faire alliance contre la Haskalah puis le sionisme laïque.

En **Allemagne**, une troisième voie s'ouvre. **Moses Mendelssohn** (1729-1786), né à Dessau, arrivé à Berlin à 14 ans en traversant le péage de la *Leibzoll* (taxe sur les Juifs, équivalente à celle des bestiaux), devient en vingt ans le plus célèbre philosophe allemand après Kant. Ami de Lessing (qui le met en scène dans *Nathan le Sage*), défenseur du judaïsme contre Lavater, traducteur de la Torah en allemand avec le *Bi'ur* (1783), Mendelssohn incarne la possibilité qu'un Juif reste fidèle à sa foi tout en participant pleinement à la culture européenne. Sa *Jérusalem* (1783) défend la liberté religieuse et la séparation de la synagogue et de l'État. La *Haskalah* — les Lumières juives — est lancée.

Le siècle se clôt sur une **révolution politique décisive**. En 1789, la France révolutionnaire débat : faut-il émanciper les Juifs ? Le 27 septembre 1791, après deux ans de tergiversations, l'Assemblée constituante accorde la pleine citoyenneté à tous les Juifs de France. **La France est le premier pays d'Europe à le faire.** La Révolution abolit les ghettos d'Italie au fur et à mesure de ses conquêtes. Napoléon prolongera l'émancipation par le Grand Sanhédrin (1807) et les consistoires.

Trois mouvements, trois réponses. Au XIXᵉ siècle, leurs descendants se retrouveront face à deux défis inouïs : l'antisémitisme moderne et le sionisme.

Figures of the century (2,455)

Aaron ben Jacob de Karlin

Hasidic rabbi born in 1738 and died in 1771, known among the Ḥasidim as Rabbi Aaron the Great, the "Preacher" or the "Censor." Disciple of Rabbi Baer of Mezhirich, he contributed to the rapid spread…

Aaron ben Meir de Brest

Lithuanian rabbi born in Brest-Litovsk around the beginning of the eighteenth century and died in that city on November 3, 1777, descendant of the Katzenellenbogen-Padua family and student of Eliezer…

Aaron ben Mordecai Baer Kornfeld

1795–1881

Austro-Bohemian Talmudist (1795–1881), trained by his father R. Mordecai Baer, whose yeshiva he took over at age 18; it had up to 80 students. Last rosh yeshiva of Bohemia, he tolerated secular…

Aaron ben Mordecai de Rödelheim

Translator active in the early 18th century, from Rödelheim near Frankfurt-on-the-Main. He translated the two Targums on Esther into Judeo-German, published under the title « Meẓaḥ Aharon » in…

Aaron ben Nathan Naṭa' de Trébowla

Active author around the mid-eighteenth century. He published at Zolkiev in 1755 « Shem Aharon », a collection of halakhic novelties on the whole of the Talmud accompanied by midrashic…

Aaron Chorin

1766–1844

Hungarian rabbi

Aaron de Chaves

XVIIIe s. (actif v. 1767)

Member of the Portuguese Sephardic community of Amsterdam. He prepared in 1767 an edition of Rehuel Jesurun's "Dialogo dos Montes," to which he added a poem of his composition in Portuguese.

Aaron de Jitomir Ou Zhitomir

Disciple of Baer of Mezhirich and representative of the Ḥasidim, born around 1750 and died around 1820. He is the author of kabbalistic homilies on the Pentateuch, « Toledot Aharon », published in…

Aaron ha-Gadol (Aharon ben Yaakov Perlov) de Karlin

1736–1772

Disciple of Dov Ber, the Maguid of Mezritch. He founded in 1762 the Hasidic center of Karlin, pioneer of Hasidism in Lithuania (« Karliner » became synonymous with « Hasid »). Reputed for his…

Aaron ha-Levi ben Moses of Staroselye

1766–1828

Aaron Ha-levi Oettingen

Galician rabbi born around the beginning of the 18th century and died in Lviv around 1769, from a prominent family of rabbis, he served the communities of Jaworów and Rzeszów. He vigorously opposed…

Aaron Hai Volterra

XVIIIe s.

Rabbi and Italian liturgical poet, guide of the communities of Massa-Carrara.

Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn

1754-1835

Writer and satirist of the Haskala, author of a play on false pietists.

Aaron Hart

1724–1800

Canadian Jewish businessman

Aaron Lopez

1731–1782

Born Duarte Lopez in Lisbon in a family of conversos who practiced Judaism in secret under the Inquisition. He emigrated to Newport in 1752, where he resumed the name Aaron and practiced Judaism…

Aaron Solomon

Merchant of Philadelphia who, around 1777, signed an agreement accepting to receive colonial paper money authorized by King George III in place of gold and silver. He left Philadelphia for Europe in…

Aaron Solomon (Aaron Emmerich) Gumpertz

1723–1769

Born December 10, 1723, the first Jew of Prussia to obtain a doctorate in medicine. Master of philosophy and languages to Moses Mendelssohn. Author of the Megalleh Sod, supercommentary on Ibn Ezra's…

Aaron Worms

1754–1836

French rabbi

Aaron, Barney

English boxer nicknamed « The Star of the East », born in London, at Duke's Place (Aldgate), on 21 November 1800 and died in Whitechapel in 1850. His career spanned fifteen years, marked notably by…

Aaron, Jonas

First known Jewish resident of Philadelphia, mentioned in an article by Charles H. Browning devoted to a commercial directory of Philadelphia from 1703, published in « The American Historical…

Abbas , Aaron

Editor and printer in Amsterdam at the beginning of the eighteenth century. He published the responsa of Aaron Peraḥyah known under the title « Peraḥ Maṭṭeh Aharon » (Amsterdam, 1703), whose title…

Abbas , Raphaël ben Joshua

Printer and publisher in Amsterdam, contemporary and probably relative of Aaron Abbas, whose work he completed by publishing the other work of Aaron Peraḥyah, « Pirḳe Kehunah » (Amsterdam, 1709). He…

Abelson, Judah ben Isaac

Merchant devoting most of his time to study, he lived in Sherwenty, in Lithuania, towards the end of the eighteenth century; his grandson, the rabbi of Kamienetz, reported that his devotion to the…

Abensur, Daniel

Portuguese Jew who died in Hamburg in 1711. He advanced a considerable sum to the Crown of Poland and became resident minister of the king of Poland in Hamburg; he was buried in the cemetery of the…

Aberle , Salomon B. Abraham

Abigdor ben Samuel

Rabbi active in Prouzhany, Rouchony, Vilkovichki and Selva, in Lithuania and Poland, from 1719 to 1768. Toward the end of his life, he settled in Vilna, where his son Samuel also served as rabbi; he…

Abigdor ben Simḥa

German author born in Glogau in the second quarter of the eighteenth century. After serving as tutor in Berlin, he settled in Prague in 1768; arrested on a false accusation in 1773, he was imprisoned…

Abraham Abecassis

Rabbi of Marrakech. Period not specified by the source. Son of Messod. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Abele ben Jeremiah

Interpreter of the Masora, active in the mid-eighteenth century in Kalwaria, in the government of Suvalk, in Russian Poland. He drafted the « Seder Abraham » (Frankfurt-on-Oder, 1752), a collection…

Abraham Aben Danan

mentionné en 1748

Rabbi of Fès, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5508 of the Hebrew era (1748). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-4.

Abraham Abensur

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-4.

Abraham Abihsera

Rabbi of Tafilalet. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-4.

Abraham Abitan

Rabbi of Fès. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-3.

Abraham Abitbol

Rabbi of Sefrou. Period not specified by the source. Son of Shaul Yeshua. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-4.

Abraham Aboab

mentionné en 1726

Rabbi of Tetuan, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5486 of the Hebrew era (1726). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-1.

Abraham Abudarham

mentionné en 1712

Rabbi of Tétouan, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5472 of the Hebrew era (1712). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 11-4.

Abraham Adaruki

Rabbi of Fès. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-3.

Abraham Adurtiel

Rabbi of Fès. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-3.

Abraham Almaliah

Rabbi of Mogador (Essaouira). Period not specified by the source. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-1.

Abraham Almosnino

mentionné en 1729

Rabbi of Tétouan, 18th century. Mentioned in 5489 of the Hebrew era (1729). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Almosnino

Rabbi of Fès. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 11-3.

Abraham Almosnino

mentionné en 1726

Rabbi of Tétouan, 18th century. Mentioned in 5486 of the Hebrew era (1726). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-1.

Abraham Amar

Rabbi of Meknès. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 10-1.

Abraham Amiel

Rabbi of Marrakech. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 15-4.

Abraham Ancawa

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Salé, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-3.

Abraham Antebi

1765-1858

Chief Rabbi and supreme judge of Aleppo for more than 40 years, author of « Ohel Yesharim » and « Mor ve-Ohalot ».

Abraham Arueruer

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-4.

Abraham Aryeh Loeb B. Judah Ha-levi

Talmudic author and rabbi who lived in Stryjów, in Austrian Galicia, at the turning point of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. His works, brought together under the general title « Derishat…

Abraham Assaban

mentionné en 1725

Rabbi of Meknes, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5485 of the Hebrew era (1725). Son of Sliman. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-3.

Abraham Assaban

Rabbi of Meknes. Period not specified by the source. Son of Yitshak. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-3.

Abraham Assini

mentionné en 1797

Rabbi of Sefrou, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5557 of the Hebrew era (1797). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-2.

Abraham Attia

mentionné en 1737

Rabbi of Fès, 18th century. Mentioned in 5497 of the Hebrew era (1737). Son of Yeshua. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-1.

Abraham Attia

mentionné en 1737

Rabbi of Fès, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5497 of the Hebrew era (1737). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-1.

Abraham Auerbach

1701–1846

German rabbi

Abraham Aznati

mentionné en 1764

Rabbi of Salé, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5524 of the Hebrew era (1764). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Azulay

mort en 1735

Rabbi of Marrakech, 18th century. Died in 5495 of the Hebrew era (1735). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 11-1.

Abraham Azulay

mentionné en 1783

Rabbi of Marrakech, 18th century. Mentioned in 5543 of the Hebrew era (1783). Son of Moshe. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 14-3.

Abraham Ben Alal

mentionné en 1735

Rabbi of Fès, 18th century. Mentioned in 5495 of the Hebrew era (1735). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-2.

Abraham Ben Attar

mentionné en 1735

Rabbi of Fes, 18th century. Mentioned in 5495 of the Hebrew era (1735). Son of Shlomo. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-3.

Abraham Ben Attar

Rabbi of Fès. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 10-3.

Abraham ben Benveniste Gatigno

mort à Salonique en mai 1730

Rabbi of Salonique who died in 1730, author of « Ṭirat Kesef » (Salonique, 1736), a homiletic commentary on the Pentateuch, and « Ẓeror ha-Kesef » (Salonique, 1756), responsa and homilies completed…

Abraham ben Elijah of Vilna

1750–1808

Lithuanian rabbi

Abraham Ben Ezra

Rabbi of Marrakech. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 10-2.

Abraham ben Gedaliah Tiktin

1764–1820

German rabbi

Abraham ben Isaac Asa (Assa)

actif à Constantinople v. 1729–1760s

One of the sages of Constantinople in the 18th century and the most prolific Ladino translator of his generation. He realized the first complete Bible in Ladino (printed by Jonah Ashkenazi), in…

Abraham ben Jehiel Michal Danzig

1748–1820

Ashkenazi Polish rabbi

Abraham ben Josiah de Jérusalem

Karaite author active in the first half of the eighteenth century, left Palestine for Crimea, where he completed in 1712 « Emouna Omen », a Karaite theology treatise edited later by Jacob ben Abraham…

Abraham ben Judah Segre

XVIIIᵉ s. (mort à Safed en 1772)

Piedmontese scholar born in Turin, died in Safed in 1772. He wrote commentaries on the Mishna and on Maimonides' "Yad ha-Ḥazaḳah", as well as a collection of responsa and sermons published under the…

Abraham Ben Lulu

Rabbi of Demnate. Period not specified by the source. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Ben Mellul

mentionné en 1712

Rabbi of Safi, 18th century. Mentioned in 5472 of the Hebrew era (1712). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-1.

Abraham Ben Mussa

mentionné en 1707

Rabbi of Salé, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5467 of the Hebrew era (1707). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-2.

Abraham Ben Mussa

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Marrakech, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-3.

Abraham Ben Mussa

mentionné en 1712

Rabbi of Tétouan, 18th century. Mentioned in 5472 of the Hebrew era (1712). Son of Shlomo. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 10-3.

Abraham Ben Nahmias

Rabbi of Marrakech. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Ben Reboh

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Sefrou, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-2.

Abraham Ben Shimol

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Rabat, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Ben Simhon

Rabbi of Meknès. Period not specified by the source. Son of Yaakov, himself son of Aharon. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-1.

Abraham Ben Sussan

mentionné en 1756

Rabbi of Fès, 18th century. Mentioned in 5516 of the Hebrew era (1756). Son of Messod. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-1.

Abraham Ben Yosef

mentionné en 1788

Rabbi, 18th century. Mentioned in 5548 of the Hebrew era (1788). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Ben Zimra

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-1.

Abraham Benjamin Hamburg

1770–1850

German rabbi

Abraham Benvenisti

mentionné en 1732

Rabbi of Marrakech, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5492 of the Hebrew era (1732). Son of Yitshak. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-3.

Abraham Berdugo

Rabbi of Meknès. Period not specified by the source. Son of Rafael, himself son of Mordekhay. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-4.

Abraham Berdugo

Rabbi of Meknès. Period not specified by the source. Son of Yitshak. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-3.

Abraham Bibas

Rabbi of Fès. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-1.

Abraham Bibas

mentionné en 1746

Rabbi of Salé, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5506 of the Hebrew era (1746). Son of Meir. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-2.

Abraham Bing

1752–1841

rabbin allemand

Abraham Bouchara (Berit Avraham)

Muqaddim and consul of Algiers, he devoted himself to Talmudic and kabbalistic studies and published notably Berit Avraham (Livorno, 1791).

Abraham Bouchara l'Ancien

Rabbi trained who came from Livorno to Algiers in 1712, he became muqaddim of the Jewish community of Algiers and counselor to the deys.

Abraham Bravo

Sephardic financier of London (attested in 1710), descendant of a Hispano-Portuguese family and one of the first Anglo-Jewish poets; he celebrated in verse the "Espejo Fiel de Vidas" (London, 1720)…

Abraham Buzaglo

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-1.

Abraham Buzaglo

mentionné en 1704

Rabbi of Meknès, 18th century. Mentioned in 5464 of the Hebrew era (1704). Son of Reuben Nahman. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-4.

Abraham Caceres

1701–1701

Composer, active in Amsterdam from 1718 to 1738

Abraham Capadose

1795–1874

Born in Amsterdam in a family of Portuguese Jews (the wine merchant Isaac Haim Capadose and Esther Mendes da Costa), physician trained in Leiden. He converted to Protestantism in 1822 with his friend…

Abraham Cohen

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Son of Yehuda. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-2.

Abraham Corcos

mentionné en 1758

Rabbi of Marrakech, 18th century. Mentioned in 5518 of the Hebrew era (1758). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Coriat

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 9-3.

Abraham Coriat

1717–1806

Dayan of Tétouan and Mogador, kabbalist, died in Livorno.

Abraham Coriat

Rabbi of Mogador (Essaouira). Period not specified by the source. Son of Yehuda. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 9-4.

Abraham Dahan

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-1.

Abraham David ben Asher Anshel Buczacz

1771–1840

Ukrainian rabbi

Abraham De Leon

Rabbi of Fès. Period not specified by the source. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-1.

Abraham Dob Baer ben Solomon

Rabbi of Orcha in the second half of the eighteenth century, author of the "Well of Abraham", a collection of glosses on the first part of the Shulhan Aruch, Yoré Dea, published in Shklov in 1783.

Abraham Dov Baer of Ovruch

1760–1840

Abraham Dov Ber Lebensohn

1794-1878

Poet and educator of Vilna (Adam ha-Kohen), author of Shirei Sefat Kodesh.

Abraham Ederi

mentionné en 1751

Rabbi of Baiza, 18th century. Mentioned in 5511 of the Hebrew era (1751). Son of Messod. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-3.

Abraham Elbaz

Rabbi of Meknes. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-1.

Abraham Firkovich

1787–1874

Karaite Hakham born in Lutsk, died in Çufut Qale. He conducted expeditions in Crimea, the Caucasus and the Near East that gathered thousands of Hebrew, Karaite and Samaritan manuscripts. His first…

Abraham Furtado

1756–1817

Born into a Jewish family of Portuguese Marrano origin, raised in Bordeaux. Elected president of the Assembly of Notables convened by Napoleon in 1806, then secretary of the Great Sanhedrin in 1807.…

Abraham Gabizon

mentionné en 1766

Rabbi of Tangier, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5526 of the Hebrew era (1766). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-4.

Abraham Gabizon

Rabbi of Tétouan. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-1.

Abraham Gedalia

1753–1827

chief rabbi of Denmark (1753-1827)

Abraham Gershon of Kitov

v. 1701–1761

Brother-in-law of the Baal Shem Tov, kabbalist who emigrated to the Holy Land in 1747.

Abraham Guigui

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-4.

Abraham Haliwa

Rabbi of Mogador (Essaouira). Period not specified by the source. Son of Yosef. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-4.

Abraham Haliwa

mentionné en 1750

Rabbi of Meknès, 18th century. Mentioned in 5510 of the Hebrew era (1750). Son of Yitshak. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-2.

Abraham Hassin

mentionné en 1732

Rabbi of Meknès, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5492 of the Hebrew era (1732). Son of David. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-1.

Abraham Ḥayyim Rodriguez

actif vers 1750

Rabbi of Livorno in the mid-eighteenth century, teacher of Malachi ha-Kohen (author of Yad Malachi) and praised as a Kabbalist. His halakhic decisions were published posthumously by his daughter…

Abraham Herera

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-3.

Abraham I Azulay

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 10-4.

Abraham II Haliwa

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Meknès, active in the sixth century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Son of Yosef. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-3.

Abraham Israel

Rabbi of Rabat. Period not specified by the source. Son of Shalem. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-3.

Abraham Israel

Rabbi of Ksar el-Kébir. Period not specified by the source. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 10-1.

Abraham Joseph Rice

1800–1862

American rabbi

Abraham Kalisker

1741–1810

rabbi

Abraham Khalats

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-2.

Abraham Khalfon

1741–1819

Community leader, historian and liturgical poet of Tripoli; author of Hayyei Avraham.

Abraham Lahmi

Rabbi. Period not specified by source. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 11-4.

Abraham Lasri

mentionné en 1751

Rabbi of Baiza, 18th century. Mentioned in 5511 of the Hebrew era (1751). Son of Yaakov. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-2.

Abraham Lazimi

Rabbi of Meknès. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Lbalia

Rabbi of Sefrou. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-1.

Abraham Levi

mentionné en 1732

Rabbi of Marrakech, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5492 of the Hebrew era (1732). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-2.

Abraham Levi Al Pashena

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-2.

Abraham Levi Ben Sussan

mentionné en 1737

Rabbi of Tétouan, 18th century. Mentioned in 5497 of the Hebrew era (1737). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 14-3.

Abraham Levi Ben Tubo

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Rabat, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), p. 13-3.

Abraham Levi Berukhim

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-1.

Abraham Lezra

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Tafilalet, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-4.

Abraham Lugassi

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-1.

Abraham Maimaran

mentionné en 1749

Rabbi of Meknès, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5509 of the Hebrew era (1749). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-1.

Abraham Malak, Ou Ha-malak

Russian rabbi, only son of Dov Baer of Mezeritch, first leader of the Hasidim of southern Ukraine, disciple of the Baal Shem Tov and son-in-law of Mechoulam Phoebus of Kremenets; he died relatively…

Abraham Maman

mentionné en 1715

Rabbi of Marrakech, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5475 of the Hebrew era (1715). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-2.

Abraham Maman

mort en 1737

Rabbi of Marrakech, 18th century. Died in 5497 of the Hebrew era (1737). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 9-4.

Abraham Maskileison

1788–1848

Russian rabbi

Abraham Mizrahi

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Son of Yitshak, himself son of Abraham. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 15-4.

Abraham Monson

Rabbi of Tetuan. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-4.

Abraham Monsonego

mentionné en 1798

Rabbi of Tétouan, 18th century. Mentioned in 5558 of the Hebrew era (1798). Son of Efraim. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 14-2.

Abraham Monsonego

mentionné en 1781

Rabbi of Fez, 18th century. Mentioned in 5541 of the Hebrew era (1781). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 15-4.

Abraham Naftali Hertz Scheuer

1753–1822

German rabbi

Abraham Pariente

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-3.

Abraham Pariente

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-3.

Abraham Penso

fin XVIIIe s. (v. 1740–1820 selon certaines sources)

Rabbinical author 'Turkish' established in Sarajevo at the end of the eighteenth century, student of David Pardo (whose daughter he married). He also edited the glosses of H. J. D. Azoulaï on the…

Abraham Pinto

mentionné en 1783

Rabbi of Marrakech, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5543 of the Hebrew era (1783). Son of Yaakov. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 9-3.

Abraham Placzek

1799–1884

Moravian rabbi

Abraham Rafael Abitan

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 16-1.

Abraham Rafael Coriat

1787–1806

Rabbi, 18th century. Born in 5547 (1787), died in 5566 (1806) of the Hebrew era. Son of Yehuda. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 9-3.

Abraham Ragoler

1722–1804

Kabbalist and preacher, brother of the Gaon of Vilna, author of Maalot HaTorah.

Abraham Ris

1763–1834

Swiss rabbi

Abraham Rodrigues

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Salé, active in the sixth century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 15-4.

Abraham Sabbah

Rabbi of Mogador (Essaouira). Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-2.

Abraham Sabbah

Rabbi of Marrakech. Period not specified by the source. Son of David. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-4.

Abraham Salama

Rabbi of Tétouan. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 17-4.

Abraham Salomon de Camondo

1781–1873

Born in Istanbul, he inherited the family bank in 1832 and developed it considerably, becoming the banker of the Ottoman government before the creation of the Ottoman Bank (financing of the Crimean…

Abraham Sarfati

Rabbi of Fez. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-3.

Abraham Sfez

XVIIIe s.–1784

Rabbinical author born in Tunis, established in Jerusalem, died in Amsterdam.

Abraham Stern

1762–1842

Polish inventor

Abraham Sultan

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 9-4.

Abraham Tabah

Rabbi. Period not specified by source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 7-3.

Abraham Taïeb

m. 1741

Chief Rabbi of Tunisia called Baba Sidi; signatory of the taqqana Twânsa-Granas (1741).

Abraham Taurel

mentionné en 1730

Rabbi, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5490 of the Hebrew era (1730). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18-2.

Abraham Toledano

mentionné en 1704

Rabbi of Meknes, 18th century. Mentioned in 5464 of the Hebrew era (1704). Son of Barukh. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 13-2.

Abraham Toledano

Rabbi of Meknès. Period not specified by the source. Son of Iyad, himself son of Haim. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-4.

Abraham Vita de Cologna

1755–1832

French rabbi

Abraham Vita Reggio

1755–1842

Rabbi of Gorizia, father of Isacco Samuel Reggio (Yashar). A Talmudist attached to tradition, he formed his son and represented rabbinical authority of Austrian Friuli at the turn of the 19th century.

Abraham Wahyun

mentionné en 1796

Rabbi of Taza, eighteenth century. Mentioned in 5556 of the Hebrew era (1796). Son of David. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-3.

Abraham Yehoshua Heshel

1748–1825

rabbin hassidique (1748–1825)

Abrahams, Nicolai Christian Levin

Danish scholar, professor of French language and literature at the University of Copenhagen, born in Copenhagen on September 6, 1798 and died in the same city on January 25, 1870, he studied law…

Abrahamson , Meyer

German physician and medical writer born in Hamburg in 1764 and died in that city on October 21, 1817, he obtained his diploma from the University of Göttingen in 1783 before practicing in his native…

Abrahamson, Abraham

German engraver-medallist and master of the Prussian Mint, born in Potsdam in 1754 (or 1752) and died in Berlin on July 23, 1811, he learned engraving from his father Jacob Abraham whom he soon…

Abrahamson, David

German physician born in Danzig in 1740 and died in that same city in 1800, he studied medicine in Königsberg and practiced from 1775 in Hasenpoth, in Courland, before returning to his native city…

Acher de Stoline

1759–1826

Hasidic rabbi (1759-1826)

Achkenazi, Isaac ben Jacob

Rabbi of Byeltsy, in Bessarabia, active in the mid-18th century. He is credited with a Kabbalistic work, the "Berit 'Olam" (Eternal Covenant), Kabbalistic explanations of letters followed by chapters…

Acosta, Joan D

Jester at the court of Peter the Great of Russia, in the first half of the 18th century, he was first a courtier in Hamburg before emigrating to Russia, where he obtained a position as jester; of…

Adams, Hannah

American author of a history of the Jews, born in Medfield, near Boston, in 1755 or 1756, and died in Brookline (Massachusetts) on November 15, 1832, she learned the rudiments of Greek, Latin and…

Adams, Jean

Second President of the United States, born in Braintree (Massachusetts) on 19 October 1735 and died in Quincy on 4 July 1826, he devoted part of his final years to the history of religions,…

Adavi, Moïse ben Samuel

Talmudist and author active in Tunis around the middle of the eighteenth century, he was the student of Isaac Lombroso and Abraham Ḥayat. His novellae and collections on several treatises of the…

Addison, Joseph

English essayist born in Milston on 1 May 1672 and died on 17 June 1719, he was one of the principal architects of 18th-century English public opinion. His writings, notably an essay in the «…

Adhan, Solomon ben Masud

Translator and author active in the first half of the 18th century, he traveled from Tafilalet, Morocco, to Amsterdam to raise funds for the ransom of his family and his synagogue, held by the Moors.…

Adolf Martin Schlesinger

1769–1838

German publisher

Adolphe, Sir John

English lawyer and historical and political writer born in London in 1768 and died in that city on July 16, 1845, grandson of a German-born Jew, physician to Frederick the Great of Prussia, he was…

Adonim Levi Ben Labrat

Rabbi of Fès. Period not specified by the source. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 19-1.

Adret, Moïse

Kabbalist of the eighteenth century, who lived and died in Smyrna, gifted with extraordinary memory and perfect knowledge of talmudic and rabbinic literature, he composed twelve works, including…

Aguilar, Diego D'

Marrano active in the eighteenth century, probably born in Spain and died in London in 1759, he went in 1722 from Lisbon to London then to Vienna, where he held from 1725 to 1747 the monopoly on…

Aguilar, Ephraim Lopez Pereira, Baron D

Second Baron of Aguilar, born in Vienna in 1739 and died in London in 1802, naturalized English in 1757 after settling with his father, he married in 1758 the daughter of Moses Mendes da Costa, whose…

Aharon Abihsera

Rabbi. Period not specified by the source. Son of Yaakov. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 20-2.

Aharon Alon

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 20-3.

Aharon Ben Olo

Rabbi of Meknès. Period not specified by the source. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 20-1.

Aharon Ben Shimon

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Meknès, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 20-3.

Aharon Ben Simhon

6ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1740–1839)

Rabbi of Meknes, active in the 6th century of the Hebrew era (1740–1839). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 20-3.

Aharon Ben Simhon

Rabbi of Draa Valley. Period not specified by the source. Son of Sliman. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 20-1.

Aharon Cohen

Rabbi of Fès. Period not specified by the source. Son of Rahamim. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 19-3.