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Zakhor
Contemporary1901-2000 apr. J.-C.

XXth century CE

Shoah, naissance d'Israël, diaspora mondiale

Summary

Le siècle s'ouvre sur les migrations de masse d'Europe orientale, traverse la Shoah, voit la proclamation de l'État d'Israël en 1948, ses guerres, son émergence comme puissance régionale, et l'éclosion d'un judaïsme mondialisé dont les grands pôles sont Jérusalem, New York, Paris, Londres, Buenos Aires.

Notable events

  • 1917Déclaration Balfour ; la Grande-Bretagne s'engage à favoriser un « foyer national juif » en Palestine.
  • 1933-1945Montée du nazisme puis Shoah : six millions de Juifs assassinés.
  • 14 mai 1948David Ben Gourion proclame l'État d'Israël à Tel-Aviv.
  • 1967Guerre des Six Jours ; Israël contrôle Jérusalem-Est, le Sinaï, le Golan.
  • 1947-1977Aliyah massive des Juifs d'Afrique du Nord et du monde arabe.
  • 1993-1995Accords d'Oslo ; assassinat de Yitzhak Rabin.

The century in narrative

Aucun siècle n'a concentré autant d'événements décisifs pour le peuple juif que le XXᵉ. Il commence dans la poussière des pogroms de Kichinev (1903), des procès Dreyfus (1894-1906) et Beilis (1913), du mouvement sioniste naissant autour de Theodor Herzl et Chaim Weizmann. Il s'ouvre aussi sur l'immense vague migratoire : plus de deux millions de Juifs d'Europe orientale traversent l'Atlantique vers les États-Unis entre 1880 et 1924, transformant New York en capitale juive mondiale.

La Grande Guerre dissout les empires : l'Empire ottoman, où vivaient les grandes communautés séfarades de Salonique et d'Istanbul, disparaît. La Déclaration Balfour (novembre 1917) et le mandat britannique sur la Palestine ouvrent la voie au projet sioniste. Entre-deux-guerres : essor du Yichouv, fondation de l'Université hébraïque (1925), de la Histadrout, des kibboutzim. Mais aussi : massification de l'antisémitisme européen, pogroms en Ukraine (1918-1921), politique de quotas aux États-Unis.

L'arrivée au pouvoir d'Hitler en 1933 déclenche la tragédie. Lois de Nuremberg (1935), Nuit de Cristal (1938), extermination industrielle à partir de 1941. Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, Majdanek, Chełmno : six millions de Juifs assassinés, un tiers du peuple juif. L'œuvre de Hannah Arendt, Primo Levi, Vasily Grossman, Paul Celan, André Schwarz-Bart, Aharon Appelfeld tentera de donner langue à l'inimaginable.

Le 14 mai 1948, dans le musée de Tel-Aviv, David Ben Gourion proclame l'État d'Israël. Les armées arabes attaquent dès le lendemain ; la guerre d'indépendance se solde par la victoire juive, l'exode palestinien, et la première Aliyah massive. Un million de Juifs du monde arabo-musulman — Yémen, Irak, Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie, Égypte, Libye, Iran — émigrent entre 1948 et 1970, redessinant la démographie d'Israël. La guerre des Six Jours (1967) fait basculer Jérusalem-Est, le Sinaï, le Golan et la Cisjordanie sous contrôle israélien. La guerre de Kippour (1973) rappelle la fragilité ; les accords de Camp David (1978) ouvrent la paix avec l'Égypte.

Le judaïsme se refonde intellectuellement : Gershom Scholem réinvente l'étude de la Kabbale ; Emmanuel Lévinas relit la philosophie à la lumière du Talmud ; Abraham Joshua Heschel marche avec Martin Luther King ; Joseph Soloveitchik pense l'orthodoxie moderne ; Yeshayahou Leibowitz incarne la conscience critique. Les grands rabbins — Ovadia Yosef pour les séfarades, Menachem Mendel Schneerson pour Loubavitch, Elyashiv pour les litvaks, Kook pour le sionisme religieux — façonnent chacun une lignée mondiale.

À la fin du siècle, après l'intifada (1987), les accords d'Oslo (1993) promettent la paix — brisée par l'assassinat de Yitzhak Rabin (1995), l'échec de Camp David II (2000) et la seconde intifada. Israël entre dans le XXIᵉ siècle comme un État démocratique de plus de six millions de Juifs, puissance technologique et militaire, en quête d'une paix toujours repoussée, tandis que la diaspora mondiale, forte de près de huit millions de Juifs, poursuit sa vie entre fidélité et liberté.

Figures of the century (2,551)

Aaron Bernstein

1918–1994

rabbi

Aaron D. Panken

1964–2018

American chancellor

Aaron David Gordon

1856–1922

Thinker of Labor Zionism, prophet of the "religion of labor" and the return to the land. Late in life, he settled as an agricultural worker in Galilee.

Aaron Monsonego

1929–2018

Moroccan rabbi

Aaron Rokeach de Belz

1880–1957

Rebbe of Belz, one of the great Galician Hasidic figures, whose escape from Europe during the Shoah was the subject of a rescue operation. He rebuilt his court in Israel.

Aaron Russo

1943–2007

American film producer

Aaron Schechter

1928–2023

American rabbi

Aaron Teitelbaum

1947

American rabbi

Abba Berman

1919–2005

American rabbi

Abba Kovner

1918–1987

Jewish writer and resistance fighter of Lithuanian origin

Abie Grossfeld

1934

American Jewish gymnast and coach (b. 1934), two-time Olympian and U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame member who coached the American men's team to its first Olympic team medal in 1984; inducted into the…

Abraham (Avrom) Sutzkever

1913–2010

Considered one of the greatest Yiddish poets of the twentieth century and "the great poet of the Shoah". Member of the Yung-Vilne group, he was confined to the Vilna ghetto (1941–1945) where he wrote…

Abraham B. Yehoshua

1936–2022

Major Israeli novelist and playwright, author of Mr. Mani and The Lover. Together with Oz and Grossman, he was one of the pillars of Israeli fiction.

Abraham Babad

1909–1966

Polish-British rabbi

Abraham Beame

1906–2001

American politician

Abraham Bekhar

1914–2004

rabbi

Abraham Dadia

époque indéterminée

Son of rabbi Solomon Dadia, grandson of Perez, he lived in the Dadès region in southern Morocco at an undetermined time; his tombstone was discovered by researcher Pierre Flamand.

Abraham David Sofaer

né en 1938 (Bombay)

Born in Bombay in a family of Baghdadi Jews (fathers Meyer and Isaac born in Rangoon, descendants of Jewish immigrants from Baghdad). Judge of the federal court of the southern district of New York…

Abraham Deutsch

1902–1992

Chief rabbi, editor and secondary school teacher from Mulhouse

Abraham Fingerhut

1908–1962

Abraham Foxman

1940–2026

American jurist

Abraham Grünbaum

1930–2001

2001 murder in Zürich, Switzerland

Abraham Hecht

1922–2013

American rabbi

Abraham Isaac Kook

1865–1935

First Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Mandatory Palestine, mystical thinker of religious Zionism. He sought to reconcile tradition, modernity, and national renewal.

Abraham Joshua Heschel

1907–1972

rabbi and philosopher

Abraham Klausner

1915–2007

American chaplain (1915-2007)

Abraham Mordekhaï Alter (l'Imré Émet)

1866–1948

Rebbe of Gur, head of one of the largest Hasidic courts in Poland, co-founder of the Agudat Israel party. He narrowly escaped the Shoah.

Abraham Pinter

1949–2020

British rabbi

Abraham Ramiro Bentes

1912–?

Born in 1912 in Itaituba (Pará), of Moroccan Sephardic origin (his maternal great-grandmother arrived in Amazonia in 1850). Primary education in Morocco (Alliance Israélite Universelle), then return…

Abraham Salomon Levisson

1902–1945

Abraham Serfaty

1926–2010

Moroccan political activist

Abraham Toledano

mentionné en 1906

Rabbi of Tangier, 20th century. Mentioned in 5666 of the Hebrew era (1906). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 18–2.

Abraham Twerski

1930–2021

American rabbi and psychiatrist

Abraham Zapruder

1905–1970

Russian-Ukrainian Jew who emigrated to the United States, settled in Dallas where he founded a clothing manufacturing business. On November 22, 1963, he filmed, from Dealey Plaza, the assassination…

Ada Yardeni

1937–2018

Born in Jerusalem, world authority in West-Semitic paleography (ancient Hebrew and Aramaic). Author of standard works and dozens of articles; she worked on the manuscripts of the Dead Sea, Aramaic…

Adam Brody

1979

American actor and musician

Adam Laloum

né en 1987

French pianist born in 1987, recipient of the Clara Haskil Competition (2009) and Victoire de la musique classique (instrumental soloist revelation). Modern figure bearing the patronym Laloum…

Adi Keissar

1980-

Israeli poet, founder of the Ars Poetica movement.

Admiel Kosman

1957-

Israeli poet and professor of Talmud, faith and creation.

Adolf Lindenbaum

1904–1941

Polish Jewish logician and mathematician of the Warsaw school, known for the Lindenbaum lemma and Lindenbaum–Tarski algebras. Doctor in 1928 (under W. Sierpiński), habilitated in 1934 at the…

Adolfo Gass

1914–2010

Argentine politician

Adriano Olivetti

1901–1960

Son of Camillo, an antifascist like his father, he transformed Olivetti into a worldwide model, combining productive growth, design (rationalism, Bauhaus) and concern for workers' welfare. He…

Agi Mishol

1947-

Israeli poet, nature, eroticism and memory of the Shoah.

Ahad Ha'am

1856–1927

Ukrainian thinker, the principal theorist of "cultural Zionism" advocating a spiritual renewal of Judaism. Born Asher Ginsberg, he opposed purely political Zionism.

Aharon Appelfeld

1932–2018

Israeli writer and Holocaust survivor, whose work in Hebrew explores memory and lost childhood. Author of Badenheim 1939 and The Story of a Life.

Aharon Barak (né Erik Brick)

1936–

Born Erik Brick in Kaunas (Lithuania) in 1936, Shoah survivor, emigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1947. Dean of the Faculty of Law of the Hebrew University (1974–1975), Attorney General of Israel…

Aharon Feldman

1932–

Rosh yeshiva of Ner Israel (Baltimore) since 2001; member of the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah.

Aharon Gurevich

1973

Russian rabbi

Aharon Leib Shteinman

1914–2017

Israeli rabbi

Aharon Megged

1920-2016

Israeli novelist and playwright, 1948 generation.

Aharon Pfeuffer

1949–1993

South African rabbi

Aharon Razel

né en 1974 (New York)

Brother of Yonatan Razel, Israeli singer and composer exploring themes of Torah and Orthodox Judaism. Discography from 1999 to 2019: « Water From the Rock » (1999), « The Burning Bush » (2003), «…

Aharon Shabtai

1939-

Israeli poet and translator of classical Greek, political verse.

Aharon Shear-Yashuv

1940–2024

Israeli philosopher

Aharon Yariv

1920–1994

Born Aharon Rabinowitz, he Hebraicized his name to Yariv. Chief of Israeli military intelligence (AMAN) from 1964 to 1972, he played a central role in preparing for the Six-Day War, then served as…

Ahron (Ronnie) Bregman

né en 1958

Israeli settled in the United Kingdom, former officer of artillery in the IDF. Political scientist at King's College London, specialist in the Israeli-Arab conflict. Author of several reference works…

Ahron Daum

1951–2018

Modern-Orthodox rabbi and writer

Ahron Soloveichik

1917–2001

Rosh yeshiva (Brisk Chicago) and Talmudic master at Yeshiva University, brother of Joseph B. Soloveitchik.

Akiba Eisenberg

1908–1983

Akiva Ehrenfeld

1923–2012

American-Israeli rabbi

Alain Boublil

né en 1941

Born in Tunis in a Sephardic Jewish family, emigrated to Paris at 18. With composer Claude-Michel Schönberg, he is the author of the librettos and lyrics of highly successful musical comedies…

Alain Finkielkraut

né en 1949

French philosopher and writer, professor at École polytechnique and host of the program « Répliques » on France Culture. Elected to the Académie française in 2014. His essay « Le Juif imaginaire »…

Alain Geismar

né en 1939

Born in 1939 to a Jewish family of Alsatian origin, republican and not particularly observant (his father, inspector of the Bank of France, was killed in action in June 1940). A physicist, he became…

Alain Goldmann

1931–2022

French rabbi

Alain Hayot

né en 1947

Born in Casablanca in 1947 into a traditional and affluent Sephardic Jewish family, presented by his biographical note as the great-grandson of a renowned rabbi of Morocco (unnamed). Anthropologist…

Alain Krivine

1941–2022

French political figure

Alan Guth

1947–

Alan Harvey Guth, born in 1947 in New Brunswick (New Jersey) into a Jewish family (parents Hyman and Elaine Guth). Professor of physics at MIT (Victor Weisskopf chair), he is the father of the theory…

Alan Lelchuk

né le 15 septembre 1938

Born in Brooklyn in 1938, son of Harry and Belle (Simon) Lelchuk, he is an American novelist aware of his place in the Judeo-American literary tradition. Co-founder of Steerforth Press, he has taught…

Alan Rubin

1943–2011

American musician

Alan Zweibel

né le 20 mai 1950

Born in Brooklyn to Julius and Shirley Zweibel, a Jewish family. Original screenwriter for Saturday Night Live (1975-1980), winner of five Emmy Awards. Author of about ten books, including the novel…

Alber Elbaz

1961–2021

Franco-Israeli-American Moroccan fashion designer

Albert Arrouas

première moitié du XXe s.

Community activist and publicist active in Tunis in the first half of the twentieth century, author of two biographical reference works on Tunisian Judaism.

Albert Bensoussan

1935–

Writer and translator born in Algiers on 8 April 1935, agrégé in Spanish, doctoral degree in literature, professor of Spanish literature at Rennes-II (1978–1995). Major translator of Hispanic authors…

Albert Bouhadana

XXe siècle

Great paytan (liturgical cantor) of Moroccan Jewry, renowned for his teaching of the art of the hazzan. He notably recorded a complete Psalter (album in 10 records) and was one of the twelve founders…

Albert Bourla

né en 1961

Born and raised in Thessalonika into a Sephardic Jewish family whose parents survived the Shoah, his ancestors having fled Spain after 1492. Became CEO of Pfizer, he published in 2022 "Moonshot", an…

Albert Friedlander

1927–2004

German rabbi

Albert Hague

1920–2001

American actor and composer

Albert Memmi

1920–2020

Born in 1920 in Tunis to an Arabic-speaking Tunisian Jewish family from the Hara quarter, son of a saddle maker. Writer and sociologist of colonization, he published The Statue of Salt (1953) then…

Albert Sabin

1906–1993

American physician and virologist of Polish origin, creator of the oral vaccine against poliomyelitis. His vaccine enabled the eradication of the disease in many countries.

Albert Swissa (Suissa)

né v. 1959 (Casablanca)

Born in Casablanca, arrived in Israel as a child, he grew up in the large housing complexes for immigrants in Jerusalem. Writer and art critic, he published in 1990 the Hebrew novel Aqud ("Bound"),…

Albert-Armand Maarek

XXe–XXIe s.

Author of « Les Juifs de Tunisie : histoire d'une émancipation entre 1857 et 1958 » (Éditions Glyphe, 2013), a study of a crucial century for the Tunisian Jewish community.

Alberto Nisman

1963–2015

Argentine jurist

Alberto Vigevani

1918–1999

Writer, editor and Italian Jewish literary critic from Milan, from a Jewish family of Emilian origin. Co-founder of the literary journal Corrente (1938), forced into exile (Grenoble then Lugano)…

Aldo Zargani

1933–2020

Italian writer

Alec N. Wildenstein

1940–2008

American art dealer and racehorse owner

Alégrina Benchimol

née en 1885 — date de décès inconnue

Alégrina Benchimol (born in 1885, death date unknown), from the Benchimol family of Tangier and Tétouan. Director of schools of the Alliance israélite universelle, she taught and directed, alongside…

Alexander (Alex) Lubotzky

né en 1956

Israeli mathematician, professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (headed the mathematics department 1994–1996), laureate of the Israel Prize 2018. His work concerns finite and infinite groups…

Alexander Altmann

1906–1987

Austrian scholar and rabbi

Alexander Bielski

1912–1995

Belarusian military figure

Alexander D. Goode

1911–1943

American army chaplain killed in action (1911-1943)

Alexander Even-Chen

Rabbi (ordained at the Schechter Rabbinical Seminary) and professor of Jewish thought at the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem, holder of a doctorate from the Hebrew University.…

Alexander Schindler

1925–2000

Rabbi and leading figure of American Reform Judaism during the 1970s and 1980s

Alexandra Adler

1901–2001

Neurologist, pioneer in the study of post-traumatic stress; daughter of Alfred Adler.

Alexandra Zapruder

née 1969

Granddaughter of Abraham Zapruder. Author of « Salvaged Pages: Young Writers' Diaries of the Holocaust » (Yale University Press, 2002), which received a National Jewish Book Award, and « Twenty-Six…

Alexandre Safran

1910–2006

Romanian-Swiss rabbi

Alexandru Segal

1947–2015

Brazilian chess player

Alexis Blum

1942

French Chief Rabbi

Alfonso Pedatzur Arbib

né le 31 mars 1958

Born in Tripoli in 1958 into a family of Italian language and culture, he left Libya after the Six-Day War (1967). Trained at the Italian Rabbinical College in Rome under Elio Toaff (Maskil and…

Alfred Gottschalk

1930–2009

American rabbi

Alfred Nakache

1915–1983

French swimmer and water polo player

Alfréd Rényi

1921–1970

Hungarian mathematician whose parents were both Jewish; his mother was the daughter of philosopher Bernhard Alexander. Prevented from entering university in 1939 by antisemitic laws, interned in a…

Alfred Tarski

1901-1983

American mathematician and logician of Polish origin

Alfred Wolf

1915–2004

German rabbi (1915-2004)

Alice Fitoussi

1916–1978

Algerian singer

Alice Schwarz-Gardos

1916–2007

Israeli journalist and author

Alice Sommer Herz

1903–2014

German-speaking Prague pianist and music teacher

Alicia Silverstone

1976

American actress

Alina Margolis-Edelman

1922–2008

Physician and resistance fighter of the Warsaw Ghetto; co-founder of Doctors of the World.

Alon Abutbul

1965–2025

Israeli actor

Alona Kimhi

1966-

Israeli novelist and actress born in Ukraine.

Alona Sa'ar

1997

Israeli actress

Alter Hilewitz

1906–1994

hasidic author (1906–1994)

Amalia Kahana-Carmon

1926-2019

Israeli novelist, lyrical modernist prose.

Amedeo Modigliani

1884–1920

Italian painter and sculptor of the School of Paris, famous for his portraits with elongated faces. He came from a Sephardic Jewish family of Livorno.

Ami Bouganim

né en 1951 (Essaouira-Mogador)

Born in Essaouira, trained at the École Normale Israélite Orientale under the direction of Emmanuel Levinas, he emigrated to Israel in 1970 and defended the first Israeli thesis on Levinas there. He…

Amir Or

1956-

Israeli poet, novelist and essayist, translated into 50 languages.

Amir Peretz

né en 1952

Amir Peretz, born in 1952 in Boujad, emigrated to Israel with his family in 1956. Former mayor of Sderot and leader of the Histadrout trade union federation, he chaired the Israeli Labor Party and…

Amira Hess

1943-2023

Israeli poetess of Iraqi origin, double Prime Minister Prize.

Amitai Etzioni

1929–2023

Born Werner Falk in Cologne in 1929 in a Jewish family, he fled Nazi Germany and settled in Palestine in 1938, where the family adopted the name Etzioni (a pseudonym Amitai used from his teenage…

Amnon Netzer

1934–2008

Born "Naser (Nāṣer) Soluki" in Rasht, emigrated to Israel in 1950; doctorate in Iranian studies at Columbia University (1969). Co-founder of the Department of Iranian Studies at the Hebrew University…

Amnon Shamosh

1929-2022

Israeli writer born in Aleppo, Sephardic prose.

Amnon Shashua

1960

Computer scientist, Hebrew University professor and founder/CEO of Mobileye (sold to Intel for $15.3bn), recipient of the 2023 Israel Prize for lifetime achievement; born in Ramat Gan to a family of…

Amos Kenan

1927-2009

Israeli chronicler and satirist, visual artist and novelist.

Amos Oz

1939–2018

World-renowned Israeli novelist and essayist, author of A Tale of Love and Darkness. He was a moral figure of the peace camp.

Amram Assayag

XXᵉ s.

Rabbi of Moroccan origin, spiritual director of the Toronto Torah Center (Moroccan Jewish archive).

Amram Zaks

1926–2012

rabbi

Ana Nahum

1969–2015

Uruguayan journalist and writer (1969-2015)

Anat Gov

1953-2012

Israeli playwright and screenwriter, humanist comedies.

André Azoulay

né en 1941

André Azoulay, born in 1941 in Essaouira (Mogador), is an advisor to the King of Morocco: economic advisor to Hassan II from 1991, then, since 1999, advisor to Mohammed VI. Trained as an economist,…

André Glucksmann

1937–2015

Born in 1937 into an Austro-French Jewish family, he was one of the figures of the "new philosophers" and an activist of antitotalitarianism and human rights. He denounced the Soviet camps revealed…

André Neher

1914–1988

French philosopher

André Nouschi

1922–2017

Born in Constantine in a Jewish family of Algeria, stripped of French nationality in 1940 by Vichy, he joined the Free French in 1942. Agrégé in history, he teaches at the University of Tunis and…

André Schwarz-Bart

1928–2006

French writer, author of The Last of the Just, Prix Goncourt 1959, an epic on the persecutions of the Jews through the centuries. Orphaned of deported parents.

André Spitzer

1945–1972

Israeli fencer

André Tabet

1902–1981

Film screenwriter active from 1946 to 1974 (over 30 films), born in Algiers and died in Paris. Older brother of Georges Tabet. Among his screenplays: La Grande Vadrouille (1966), Ali Baba and the…

Andre Williams

1936–2019

American R&B and punk blues musician (1936–2019)

André Zaoui

1916–2009

French rabbi

Andreas Burnier

1931–2002

criminologist, novelist under the pseudonym Andreas Burnier

Andrés Abt

1973–2021

Uruguayan politician

Andrew Breitbart

1969–2012

American writer and publisher (1969–2012)

Andrew Viterbi (Andrea Giacomo Viterbi)

1935

Jewish Italian-American electrical engineer born in Bergamo (Italy) in 1935, from an Italian Jewish family. Co-founder of Qualcomm in 1985 and inventor of the Viterbi algorithm (1967), widely used in…

Angel Kreiman Brill

1945–2014

Chilean rabbi

Angela Bianchini

1921–2018

Italian novelist and screenwriter

Angela Buxton

1934–2020

English tennis player

Anita Brenner

1905–1974

Writer, journalist and anthropologist born in Aguascalientes (Mexico) to Jewish Latvian parents. Author of « Idols Behind Altars » and « The Wind that Swept Mexico ».

Anita Lasker-Wallfisch

1925

German-British cellist, Auschwitz survivor and member of the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz; matriarch of a Jewish musical dynasty carried on by son Raphael Wallfisch and grandson Benjamin Wallfisch.

Anita Novinsky

1922–2021

Brazilian historian, specialized in the Portuguese Inquisition

Anka Muhlstein

née en 1935

French biographer and essayist, twice awarded by the French Academy and laureate of the Goncourt Prize for Biography (1996). She has written about her ancestor James de Rothschild, about Astolphe de…

Annamarie Tendler

1985

American artist and author

Anne Buydens

1919–2021

Belgian producer and philanthropist (1919-2021)

Anne Frank

1929–1945

German Jewish teenager whose diary, kept in hiding in Amsterdam, became a universal testimony of the Shoah. She died in the Bergen-Belsen camp.

Anne Meara

1929–2015

American actress

Annie Cohen-Solal

née en 1948

Born in Algiers in 1948 in a Jewish family with multiple Mediterranean origins (Algeria, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Italy). Historian and writer, she taught at NYU, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem…

Anthony Lewis

1927–2013

American journalist

Anthony Weiner

1964

American politician

Antón Borísovitch Nósik

1966–2017

Russian journalist

Antonello Gerbi

1904–1976

Italian historian and economist (1904-1976)

Antony Polonsky

né en 1940

Jewish historian, professor emeritus of Holocaust studies at Brandeis University and chief historian of the POLIN museum's educational program (Warsaw). Author of the three-volume reference synthesis…

Ari Fleischer

1960

American politician

Arie L. Kopelman

1938–2024

American businessman

Arie Pais

1930–2022

Dutch economist and politician

Arie Querido

1901–1983

Dutch psychiatrist and politician (1901–1983)

Arieh Gamliel

1951–2021

Israeli politician

Ariel Di Porto

né à Rome en 1978

Rabbi ("Rav") trained in Rome, licensed in philosophy, superior rabbinical title obtained in 2008. Officiant, teacher then director of the Rabbinical College of Rome until 2014, chief rabbi of Turin…

Ariel Sharon (né Scheinerman)

1928–2014

Israeli general and Prime Minister, born Ariel Scheinerman in Kfar Malal before being given the Hebraized surname Sharon around 1948.

Ariel Toaff

1942

Israeli historian

Arik Brauer

1929–2021

Painter, engraver, poet and singer from Austria from a family of emigrated Jews, he grew up in Vienna under the Nazi regime (survivor). Founding member of the Viennese School of Fantastic Realism…

Arkady Martine

1985

American science fiction novelist and short-story writer

Arkady Raikin

1911–1987

Born in Riga in 1911 in a Jewish family of the Russian Empire, he was the most famous Soviet humorist and satirist of the twentieth century, a figure on the stage for nearly half a century. He…

Arlen Specter

1930–2012

United States senator for Pennsylvania from 1981 to 2011

Armie Hammer

1986

American actor

Armin Frieder

1911–1946

Slovak rabbi

Arnaldo Dante Momigliano

1908–1987

Born September 5, 1908, in Caraglio, a small town in Piedmont near Cuneo, into a wealthy Jewish family. Historian of Greco-Roman Antiquity, he taught at University College London and then at the…

Arnold I. Burns

1930–2013

American lawyer

Arnold M. Eisen

1951

American specialist in Judaism, seventh chancellor of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (2006-2020), formerly professor at Stanford University.

Arnold Schoenberg

1874–1951

Austrian composer, inventor of dodecaphony, which revolutionized twentieth-century music. He returned to Judaism in the face of rising Nazism and emigrated to the United States.

Arnold Zellner

1927–2010

American economist

Arnost Zvi Ehrman

1914–1976

Jewish scholar

Aron Schuster

1907–1994

Aron Wolf

1918–1944

Resistance fighter, French rabbi

Art Spiegelman

1948

American cartoonist, born Itzhak Avraham ben Zeev Spiegelman to Polish Jewish Holocaust survivors, author of the graphic novel "Maus" about his father's Holocaust survival, winner of a special…

Arthur B. Belfer

1907–1993

Polish-born American Jewish businessman and philanthropist who founded the Belco Petroleum Corporation and endowed institutions at Yeshiva University.

Arthur Green

1941

American rabbi and theologian

Arthur Hertzberg

1921–2006

American rabbi and historian (1921–2006)

Arthur Koestler

1905-1983

Hungarian novelist, memoirist and essayist

Arthur Lelyveld

1913–1996

American rabbi

Arthur Miller

1915–2005

American writer

Arthur Rubinstein

1887–1982

Polish-born American pianist, one of the greatest interpreters of Chopin in the twentieth century. His career spanned more than seventy years.

Arthur S. Obermayer

1931–2016

Chemist (PhD MIT, 1956), entrepreneur and philanthropist of Boston. He reconstructed the genealogy of the Jewish Obermayer family back to his ancestor Isaak Obermayer, born in the Kriegshaber suburb…

Arthur Waskow

1933–2025

American rabbi

Aryeh Carmell

1917–2006

British rabbi

Aryeh Finkel

1931–2016

Rosh yeshiva, Mir Brachfeld

Aryeh Kaplan

1934–1983

American rabbi, translator and physicist

Aryeh Leib Baron

1912–2011

Rabbi (1912-2011)

Aryeh Leib Malin

1906–1962

Founder of Beth Hatalmud (Brooklyn); eminent disciple of the Mir and of Mussar.

Aryeh Sivan

1929-2015

Hebrew poet, cofounder of the Likrat group, Israel Prize 2010.

Aryeh Stern

1944–2026

rabbi

Asher Arieli

1957–

Maggid shiur of the Mir (Jerusalem); one of the greatest Talmud classes in the world.

Asher Kushnir

1956

Israeli rabbi

Assaf Inbari

1968-

Israeli novelist and essayist, kibbutz prose.