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Ancient Diaspora401-500 apr. J.-C.

Vth century CE

Clôture du Talmud de Babylone

Summary

À Soura et Poumbedita, Rav Ashi et Ravina achèvent la rédaction du Talmud de Babylone vers 500. Il devient, pour mille ans, la matrice centrale de la pensée juive.

Notable events

  • c. 375-427Rav Ashi dirige l'académie de Sura et coordonne la rédaction du Talmud babylonien.
  • 476Chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident ; basculement du monde méditerranéen.
  • c. 488Mort de Ravina II ; la tradition place ici la clôture effective du Talmud.
  • c. 500Fin officielle de la période des amoraïm ; début de celle des savoraïm.
  • c. 525Dhou Nuwas, roi juif de Himyar (Yémen), est défait par une coalition éthiopienne chrétienne.

The century in narrative

Le Vᵉ siècle apr. J.-C. se clôt sur le plus vaste ouvrage rabbinique jamais composé : le Talmud de Babylone. Près de 2,5 millions de mots, 37 traités, des centaines de sages cités. Fruit de trois siècles de débats dans les académies de Sura et Poumbedita, il devient, pour un millénaire et demi, la matrice centrale de la pensée juive — au point que, lorsqu'on dit « le Talmud » sans précision, on parle du Bavli, celui de Babylone.

Les amoraïm babyloniens ont travaillé pendant six générations. Leur méthode est dialectique : une question, une réponse, une objection, une distinction, une histoire, un verset, un détour par un autre traité, un retour. Le texte s'appelle la *Guemara* (« complètement, clôture ») parce qu'il complète la Mishna. Mais en pratique, il fait bien davantage : il embrasse toute la connaissance juive de son temps — droit, liturgie, récits de martyrs, astronomie, médecine, magie, éthique, théologie.

Au cœur du Vᵉ siècle, Rav Ashi (c. 352-427) dirige l'académie de Sura pendant près de soixante ans. Sous sa présidence, les traditions accumulées depuis la Mishna sont passées en revue traité par traité. Son disciple Ravina Iᵉʳ puis, quatre décennies plus tard, Ravina II poursuivent. Vers 488, à la mort de Ravina II, la tradition place la clôture effective du Talmud. Les derniers ajouts, de clarification, sont l'œuvre des *savoraïm* (« raisonneurs »), au VIᵉ siècle.

Le Talmud de Babylone n'est pas qu'un code. C'est un monde. Il est écrit dans un araméen littéraire savoureux, entrecoupé d'hébreu. Il cite 700 sages, des centaines d'anecdotes, des dizaines de paraboles. On y rencontre Rabbi Yohanan arracher des dalles pour montrer à un disciple qu'il pleure, les débats fous d'Abaye et Rava, les visites nocturnes d'Élie, les discussions avec les démons, les calculs astronomiques précis, les remèdes pour la jaunisse, les lois de Pessah, les mille règles du Shabbat. Il est à la fois rigoureux et infini.

Hors de Sura et Poumbedita, le monde bascule. En 410, Alaric pille Rome. En 476, Odoacre dépose le dernier empereur romain d'Occident. L'Empire romain — qui encadrait la vie juive depuis six siècles — s'effondre en Occident. L'Empire d'Orient (Byzance) perdure, chrétien et hostile. L'Empire sassanide, sous Yazdgard II puis Péroz, persécute intermittemment les Juifs de Babylonie (fermeture des écoles juives, interdictions). L'exilarcat (*Resh Galouta*, « chef de l'exil »), dynastie juive descendant selon la tradition de David, maintient l'autorité juive face au pouvoir sassanide.

En Arabie, le judaïsme gagne du terrain. Les tribus juives de Yathrib (Médine) — Banu Qurayza, Banu Nadir, Banu Qaynuqa — sont prospères. En Yémen, le royaume de Himyar, converti au judaïsme depuis le siècle précédent, culmine sous Dhou Nuwas (c. 520), dernier roi juif d'Arabie du Sud. Il persécute les chrétiens de Najran, puis est défait par une coalition éthiopienne chrétienne vers 525. Fin du judaïsme royal.

Ce Vᵉ siècle — en apparence celui d'une clôture — est donc plutôt celui d'une consolidation définitive. La Torah avait été donnée ; la Mishna compilée ; la Guemara achevée. Les trois étages du judaïsme classique sont posés. Le peuple juif pourra désormais, où qu'il vive, ouvrir ces livres et y retrouver le même univers. C'est le grand don du Vᵉ siècle : un patrimoine transportable, mémorable, inépuisable.

Figures of the century (49)

Abdima de Sepphoris

Palestinian amora of the fifth century, disciple of R. Mana III and R. Huna II. His reputation is attested by the fact that his father is cited as « Immi, the father of Abdima of Sepphoris ».

Abibas

According to Christian legend, the mythical son of Rabbi Gamaliel, the master of Paul, himself said to be baptized by John and Peter. In the year 415, Lucianus, bishop of Jerusalem, reported having…

Aḥa B. Joseph

Babylonian Amora of the fourth-fifth centuries with an exceptionally long life: in his youth he attended the lessons of Ḥisda (306), and in his old age he still debated halakha with Ashi II, who died…

Aḥa B. Raba

Babylonian amora, son of Rava b. Joseph and contemporary of Amar II and Ashi, died in 419, he held during the last five years of his life the rectorship of the academy of Pumbedita.

Aḥa B. Taḥlifa

Babylonian amora of the 4th and 5th centuries, he was a disciple of Rava, friend of Aḥa b. Iḳa, and older colleague of Rabina II, with whom the Talmud mentions him several times in halakhic…

Aḥa of Difti

Babylonian Amora of the sixth generation (5th century), frequently in halakhic discussion with Rabina II, he was for a time the advisor (ḥakham) of the exilarch Mar Zouṭra I (441-450). Upon the death…

Amemar

m. c. 422

Babylonian talmudic master and judge at Nehardea. With Mar Zutra and Rav Ashi, he formed the triumvirate that presided over the final compilation of the Babylonian Talmud. His rulings on the shofar…

Amemar B. Mar Yanouḳa

Babylonian master of the fifth and sixth generations of Amoraim, martyr of the Jewish faith in Babylonian land alongside the exilarch Houna Mar II and Mesharshia ben Pakod, victims of the…

Anna

Arcadius

Byzantine emperor from 395 to 408, a sovereign too weak to resist the influence of his court favorites on his policy toward Jews. The favors he grants them owe chiefly to his private adviser Eutrope…

Augustine

The greatest and most important of the Latin Church Fathers, born on November 13, 354 in Tagaste, Numidia, died in Hippo on August 28, 430. After a tumultuous youth as a pagan, he first became an…

Benveniste de Porta Ou de la Porta

Benveniste de Porta, also called de la Porta, is the bayle (bailiff) of Barcelona and the brother of Nahmanide, whose secular name was Bon Astruc de Porta. An important capitalist, he advanced on…

Bildad

Bildad is one of the three friends of Job, descendant of Shuah, son of Abraham and Keturah; the meaning of his name remains uncertain. He intervenes three times in the dialogue with Job — first to…

Chrysostomus, Joannes

Patriarch of Constantinople, one of the most famous Fathers of the Church, born in 347 in Antioch and died in 407 near Comana, in Pontus. Appointed bishop of Constantinople in 398 after being a…

Claudius, Rutilius Namatianus

Roman poet, who had held high public office in Rome before returning in 416 to Gaul, his homeland, after its devastation by the Goths, an episode he recounts in his poem De Reditu Suo. Polytheist…

Éléazar B. José Ii

Palestinian Amora of the fifth generation, in the 5th century, elder of Naḥman II and Aha III. Most of his words report what he had heard from Abbahou, Ḥanina b. Abbahou and Tanḥum b. Ḥiyya, but he…

Éléazar de Hagronia

Babylonian scholar of the fourth generation of amoraim, in the 5th century, junior to Aha b. Jacob and Raba. He incurred divine punishment for exercising rabbinic authority over the territory…

Éliezer

Palestinian amora of the 5th century, contemporary of Abdimi and Berekhia II. With Abba Mari and Mattania, he authorized Jews to bake bread on the Sabbath for Roman soldiers of Ursicinus; he was more…

Elyashiv (Eliashib) le grand prêtre

milieu du Ve s. av. è.c. (v. 445 av. è.c.)

Son of Yoyakim and grandson of Joshua son of Yotsadaq, Elyashiv was high priest when Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem under Artaxerxes I. He directed, with his priestly brothers, the reconstruction of…

Épiphane

Bishop of Constantia, in Cyprus, born in Bezandouké, near Eleuthéropolis, in Palestine, between 310 and 320 — or in 288 according to Bartolocci —, died at sea in 403. Perhaps born of Jewish parents,…

Gebiha D'argiza

Babylonian scholar of the fifth century, contemporary of Ashi, the instigator of the compilation of the Babylonian Gemara. Huna ben Nathan once reported to Ashi a homiletical interpretation by…

Gebiha de Be-katil

Babylonian halakist of the 5th century, disciple of Aḥa ben Jacob, of Abaye and Rava, whose teachings he reported to Ashi whom he helped in the compilation of the Babylonian Talmud. During the last…

Glusker Maggid

Character known as the Glusker Maggid, originating from Glusk, near Lublin, where old inhabitants still remembered him. Max Letteris reports a parody he is said to have improvised after being thrown…

Goliath

Goliath is a Philistine giant from Gath, described in the first book of Samuel as the champion of the Philistines against Saul and the men of Israel in the valley of Ela. Defeated in single combat by…

Ḥanina de Sura

Ḥanina of Sura is a Babylonian scholar of the fifth century, younger than Mar Zouṭra, whose halakhic decision reported to Ashi he contests. According to tradition, his own birth results from the…

Harfidil

Harfidil is the name of a Gothic Jew found on a Hebrew epitaph discovered near Parthenit, dated by Chwolson to the fifth century. The alteration of the Visigothic name « Harjafrithila » into «…

Hérodias

Herodias is the daughter of Aristobulus and Berenice, granddaughter of Herod I and of his sister Salome. Married to her uncle Herod, son of Herod I and the second Mariamne, who bore Salome, future…

Honorius

Emperor of the West from 395 to 423. He first countersigned the laws of Arcadius on the Jews, before promulgating his own laws, most often hostile: in 396, he granted the protection of the State to…

Idi

Jérôme

Jerome, Eusebius Hieronymus Sophronius, is a Church Father and the most learned of Latin ecclesiastical writers on biblical matters after Origen, the only Christian scholar of his time to study the…

Mar bar Rav Ashi

m. c. 468

Son of Rav Ashi and head of the academy of Sura, he continued the work of compiling the Babylonian Talmud. His contribution to the final redaction of the Talmud is often underestimated, yet essential…

Meshershaya bar Paḳod

Babylonian Amora of the sixth and last generation, active in Soura. He is imprisoned then executed, with Amémar bar Mar Yanḳaï and the exilarch Houna Mar, during the persecution of Jews by Persian…

Moïse de Crète

False messiah of the mid-fifth century, who appeared in Crete under the name of Moses, his true identity remaining unknown. Having convinced within a year the Jewish communities of the island that he…

Rabbah B. Abuha

Babylonian Amora of the second generation, master and father-in-law of R. Naḥman b. Jacob, related to the house of the exilarchs and perhaps himself exilarch. He lived in Neardea then, after the…

Rabbah Tosafa'ah

Ve siècle

Late sage, contributed to the additions ("tosafot") to the Talmud; 7th generation.

Rabina Ier

Babylonian Amora of the fifth generation, died around 420. Disciple of Raba b. Joseph b. Ḥama, whose extreme youth earned him the nickname « dardeḳi » (child) from his master, he is recognized early…

Rabina Ii.

Babylonian amora of the seventh generation, who did not know his father R. Houna, who died while he was still a child; his mother transmitted his father's teachings to him, and his maternal uncle,…

Rafram Ii

Babylonian Amora of the seventh generation, disciple of R. Ashi, to whom he frequently addressed questions, and colleague of Rabina II. He succeeded R. Gebiha as head of the academy of Pumbedita, a…

Rav Ashi

c. 352-427

Head of the academy of Sura for 52 years, he undertook the writing of the Babylonian Talmud, the vastest compilation of rabbinic knowledge. This encyclopedic work became the central text of Judaism…

Ravina II

m. 499

Last of the Amoraim (masters of the Talmud), he completed the writing of the Babylonian Talmud begun by Rav Ashi. The Talmud (Bava Metzia 86a) declares: "Rav Ashi and Ravina — the end of instruction"…

Réhumaï , Rab

Babylonian Amora of the fifth generation, disciple of Raba b. Joseph b. Ḥama, to whom he also addresses questions alongside Abayé. He dies, according to legend, on the eve of Yom Kippur: so absorbed…

Reḥumai Ii

Babylonian amora of the seventh generation, disciple of Rabina I, for whom he explicates a teaching of Houna b. Tahlifa. He succeeded Rafram II at the head of the academy of Pumbedita, which he…

Sama B. Rabba

Babylonian Amora, last head of the academy of Pumbedita, successor of Raḥoumaï II, in office for approximately twenty years (456-476), contemporary of Mar b. Ashi and Rabba Tousfa'ah. Tradition…

Shalal , Isaac Ha-kohen

Head (« nagid ») of the Jewish community of Cairo, Egypt, following his uncle Nathan ha-Cohen Shalal, who died, according to Grätz, in Jerusalem in 1525. He chose the dayanim from worthy Spanish…

Sima

Sima (or Sama) was a Babylonian amora of the late 4th and early 5th century, son of Rab Ashi. He is known for the halakhic questions he posed to his father, and is said to have died before him, thus…

Tabyomi

Babylonian Amora of the 5th century, died at the end of Yom Kippur in 468, son of the director of the academy of Soura Achi, during whose lifetime he had already made a reputation as a master of the…

Télesinus

Jew of Telesia, established in Rome around 480. Pope Gelasius mentions him, in a letter to Bishop Quingesius, as a « vir clarissimus » and his most worthy friend, and recommends to the same bishop…

Théodore de Mopsueste

Christian bishop and Father of the Church, born and trained in Antioch, died at Mopsueste around 429; master of Nestorius and Theodoret, he was the greatest exegete of the Antiochene school, whose…

Zutra, Mar, I

Exilarch from 401 to 409, successor of Mar Kahana and contemporary of R. Achi, whose decisions he was to follow despite his rank. Forced to leave Nehardea for Soura, he held there each year, at the…