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Zakhor
Ancient Diaspora301-400 apr. J.-C.

IVth century CE

Clôture du Talmud de Jérusalem

Summary

Le Talmud yerushalmi est clos vers 400 à Tibériade. Julien l'Apostat projette un temps de reconstruire le Temple (363). Les Juifs vivent aussi en Yémen et dans l'empire sassanide.

Notable events

  • 313Édit de Milan : Constantin reconnaît le christianisme ; début de la christianisation de l'Empire.
  • 325Concile de Nicée ; la date de Pâques est désormais calculée indépendamment de Pessah.
  • 361-363Julien l'Apostat, empereur non chrétien, autorise la reconstruction du Temple de Jérusalem.
  • 363Mort de Julien en campagne contre les Sassanides ; le projet de reconstruction s'éteint.
  • c. 400Clôture du Talmud de Jérusalem (Yerushalmi) à Tibériade.
  • 425Théodose II abolit le patriarcat juif de Palestine à la mort de Gamaliel VI.

The century in narrative

Le IVᵉ siècle apr. J.-C. est celui de la grande bascule. En 313, l'empereur Constantin reconnaît le christianisme par l'édit de Milan. En 380, Théodose Iᵉʳ en fait la religion d'État. L'Empire romain devient chrétien — et la condition juive change radicalement. En même temps, les sages de Galilée clôturent un des deux monuments rabbiniques majeurs : le Talmud de Jérusalem.

La christianisation de Rome pèse rapidement sur les Juifs. Le concile de Nicée (325) détache la célébration de Pâques du calendrier juif pour marquer une distinction claire entre les deux religions. Le Code Théodosien (publié en 438 mais compilant des lois du IVᵉ siècle) interdit aux Juifs de posséder des esclaves chrétiens, de se convertir, de contracter des mariages mixtes, de construire de nouvelles synagogues. Saint Jean Chrysostome, archevêque de Constantinople, prêche une série de sermons violents *Adversus Iudaeos* à Antioche (386-87) qui nourriront l'antijudaïsme chrétien pour des siècles. Saint Ambroise de Milan et saint Augustin fixent la « doctrine du témoin » : les Juifs doivent survivre, mais dans une condition humiliée, pour témoigner de la vérité du christianisme.

Un épisode exceptionnel brille dans ce siècle noir. En 361, Julien, neveu de Constantin, devient empereur après avoir secrètement abjuré le christianisme (on l'appellera *l'Apostat*). Il tente de restaurer le paganisme traditionnel. En 363, voulant démontrer contre le christianisme que la prophétie de Jésus sur la ruine définitive du Temple était fausse, il autorise officiellement les Juifs à reconstruire le Temple de Jérusalem. Les ouvriers affluent, rassemblent les matériaux, creusent les fondations. Puis, selon Ammien Marcellin et Socrate le Scholastique, des boules de feu jaillissent du sol (tremblement de terre, dépôts de gaz, fondations instables ? Les hypothèses modernes divergent). Le chantier s'arrête. Julien meurt en Mésopotamie quelques mois plus tard dans une campagne contre les Sassanides. Le Temple ne sera plus jamais reconstruit.

À Tibériade, Sepphoris, Césarée, les sages travaillent sans relâche. Rabbi Yohanan ben Nappaha, son beau-frère Resh Laqish, Rabbi Abbahu (qui sait parler grec et dialogue avec les chrétiens), Rabbi Zeira, Rabbi Levi. Ils commentent la Mishna, accumulent débats, contradictions, récits, médecine populaire, astronomie, kabbale embryonnaire. Vers 400, sous la menace croissante de la christianisation et la pression fiscale romaine, la rédaction du *Talmud Yerushalmi* (Talmud de Jérusalem, ou de Palestine) se clôt. Il porte surtout sur les quatre premiers ordres de la Mishna et sur les lois agricoles spécifiques à la Terre d'Israël. Plus bref, plus fragmentaire que son homologue babylonien, il reste pourtant précieux pour sa proximité à la Terre sainte.

En 425, Théodose II, à la mort de Gamaliel VI, abolit la charge de patriarche. L'institution qui liait depuis trois siècles la communauté juive à Rome disparaît. La Terre d'Israël, progressivement christianisée (pèlerinages, monastères, cimetières chrétiens empiétant sur les juifs), cesse d'être le centre juif mondial. Ce rôle passe en Babylonie. Par paradoxe historique, c'est sous le paganisme zoroastrien sassanide, et non sous la chrétienté romaine, que s'épanouit le plus grand monument rabbinique.

Hors du monde gréco-romain, le judaïsme essaime. En Yémen, le royaume himyarite se convertit au judaïsme sous le roi Abu-Karib Asad (c. 390) et surtout Dhou Nuwas (au siècle suivant). En Arabie, les tribus juives s'installent à Yathrib (future Médine) et dans les oasis. Un nouvel horizon s'ouvre.

Figures of the century (170)

Abayé

280-338

Babylonian Talmudic master, head of the academy of Pumbedita. His debates with Rava (sugiot of Abaye and Rava) are the model of Talmudic dialectical reasoning. His biography as an orphan who became a…

Abba B. Bizna

Palestinian amora of the fourth century, mentioned occasionally as a haggadist and as a transmitter of certain halakhic opinions.

Abba bar Ḥiyya B. Abba

Palestinian amora of the early fourth century, son of Ḥiyya bar Abba, himself a student of Johanan. He transmitted to his generation the words of Johanan received from his father and maintained close…

Abba bar Pappai

Palestinian amora of the 4th century, died in 375. Second link in the transmission of aggadic teachings of Levi, he is generally cited alongside Joshua of Siknin; he exchanged halakhic questions with…

Abba bar Zebina

Palestinian amora of the fourth century, student of R. Zeira whose many sayings he transmitted. Employed in Rome as a tailor for a non-Jew, he refused, under threat of death, to violate dietary laws;…

Abba de Sidon

Palestinian amora of the late third century or early fourth. He is mentioned only once, as transmitter of a haggadic saying of Samuel b. Naḥman.

Abdima bar Hamar

Amora of Palestinian origin established in Babylon, older contemporary of Raba and Joseph, in the 4th century. Only a small number of halakot and a few haggadot are attributed to him, in which he…

Abdima de Haïfa

Palestinian Amora of the third generation (third and fourth centuries), recognized as an authority on halakhic matters, his views being cited by both his contemporaries and successors, and also…

Abdima Naḥota

Palestinian amora of the 4th century, contemporary of the Babylonian amoraim Rab Ḥisda and Rab Joseph, and senior to R. Assi II who reported halakic decisions in his name. He had the custom of…

Abimi de Hagronia

Babylonian amora of the fourth century, disciple of Raba ben Joseph and master of Rab Mordekhaï, colleague of Rab Achi. He is notably responsible for the aphorism according to which, for the man lost…

Abin B. Ḥiyya

Palestinian amora of the fourth generation, colleague of Rabbi Jeremiah. Trained by Rabbi Zeira I and Rabbi Hila, among the greatest authorities of the third generation, he died after a brief life…

Abin B. Kahana

Palestinian Amora, he was among the teachers of Rabbi Aboun ben Ḥiyya and was the junior colleague of Rabbi Hoshaya II. Rabbi Yona, of the fourth generation of Amoraim, reports in his name a…

Abin ben Adda

Babylonian amora of the fourth century, disciple of Rab Juda ben Ezekiel and elder contemporary of Raba ben Joseph. Without being an original thinker, he played a role as transmitter, preserving and…

Abin Ha-levi

Palestinian amora of the second half of the fourth century, distinguished as an original haggadist; midrashic literature often appends to him the title of Berabbi. Tradition attributes to him the…

Abin I

IVe siècle

"Nahota" between Israel and Babylonia; aggadist (4th generation).

Abina

Amora of the third and fourth centuries, always cited without a surname. Born in Babylonia, disciple of Rab Houna I, he had halakhic controversies with Rab Ḥisda and Rab Sheshet before migrating, in…

Adamantius

Physician, author and Jewish naturalist who lived in Alexandria in the 4th century, he composed a two-volume abridgment of the "Physiognomony" by the rhetorician Polemon, contemporary of Hadrian,…

Adda B. Abimi

Palestinian Amora of the fourth generation, disciple of R. Ḥanina b. Pappi and contemporary of R. Ḥizqiya, his surname Abimi would have been transformed into Oukmi or Ikkouma ("the Dark One") because…

Adda B. Ahabah

Babylonian amora of the second generation (third-fourth centuries), frequently cited in both Talmuds, he is said to have been born on the day of the death of Rabbi Juda I and was a disciple of Abba…

Adda B. Matna

Babylonian amora of the 4th century, disciple of Abayé and Rava, he also received halakhic teachings from Rabina I and frequented, in his later years, Rabina II. To satisfy his thirst for knowledge,…

Aḥa B. 'ulla

Babylonian Amora of the 4th century, disciple of Ḥisda, he emigrated to Palestine where R. Yona gave him the tithe, saying: « not because Aḥa is of priestly descent, but because he is assiduous in…

Aḥa B. Adda

Amora of the 4th century born and trained in Palestine, he emigrated to Babylonia where he became a disciple of Rav Judah ben Ezekiel and of Rav Hamnouna II, often reporting the decisions of his…

Aḥa B. Iḳa

Babylonian Amora of the 4th century, younger contemporary of Rava and nephew of Aḥa b. Jacob, he is frequently cited in halakhic discussions and received from his uncle the title of Bar be-Rav…

Aḥa B. Isaac

Palestinian amora of the third generation (4th century), younger contemporary of Zeira I, Ami I and Abba (Ba) b. Mamel, he told that Solomon had placed in the Temple golden trees that flowered each…

Aḥa B. Minyomi

Babylonian Amora of the fourth generation (4th century), disciple of Naḥman b. Jacob and contemporary of Abayé, he was probably the brother of Adda b. Minyomi.

Aḥa B. Papa Or Papi

Palestinian amora of the third generation (fourth century), contemporary of Abbahou, Zeira I and Abba II, nicknamed Arikha, he taught that repentance has the power to thwart heavenly decrees and even…

Aḥa B. Rab

Babylonian Amora of the third and fourth generations (fourth century), contemporary of Rabina I and elder of Aḥa b. Jacob, his opinions were defended by his grandson Mesharsheya.

Aḥa bar Huna

Babylonian amora of the fourth generation, disciple of Rabba b. Naḥmani and of Sheshet, Ḥisda employed him for his halakhic correspondence with Rava, who saw in him a great and wise man. It was to…

Aha bar Rava

IVe–Ve siècle

Babylonian sage, contemporary of Rav Ashi; 6th generation.

Aḥa Iii

Palestinian amora of the fourth century, associated with the most eminent masters of his generation, R. Yona and R. Yossé II, he was native to Lod but settled in Tiberias, where he constituted a…

Aḥa Sar Ha-birah

Palestinian amora of the third generation (fourth century), contemporary of Tanḥoum b. Ḥiyya of Kefar Akko, he left no original ruling under his own name but reported several halakhot and precedents…

Ahabah B. Zeira

Palestinian Amora of the fourth century, who taught in Caesarea, son of R. Zeira I, his reputation as a halakist surpassed the borders of Palestine as far as Babylonia, where sages came to consult…

Aḥadboi B. Ammi

Babylonian Amora of the fourth generation (fourth-fifth centuries), disciple of Rav Ḥisda and Rav Sheshet, he lost the power of speech one day after having, by way of a jest, embarrassed the latter…

Aḥadboi B. Matnah

Babylonian amora of the fourth generation, contemporary of Rava b. Joseph, he persuaded his dying sister to modify her will in his favor rather than in that of their learned brother, Rav Tobi, by…

Aḥai B. Josiah

Tanna of the fourth and fifth generations (2nd century), probable son of the tanna R. Josiah, disciple of R. Ishmael, he is the subject of a legend where his ghost, questioned by the amora Nahman ben…

Aibu

Prominent haggadist of the fourth generation of amoraim, in the 4th century, contemporary of Judah (Judan) ben Simon. Versed in halakha, he reports opinions in the name of rabbi Yannaï, but is…

Aibu B. Naggari

Palestinian Amora of the fourth generation, in the fourth century, disciple of Hila and contemporary of Juda ben Simon ben Pazzi. He transmits the halakhic traditions of numerous predecessors and…

Alexandra

Palestinian haggadist of the 4th century, contemporary of R. Lévi. Commenting on a verse of the Song of Songs, he concludes that if nights succeed nights for Israel, it is because Israel himself is…

Alypius D'antioche

Eminent geographer of the fourth century, intimate friend of the Roman emperor Julian the Apostate. Of noble and generous character, he is governor of Brittany from 355 to 360, before being recalled…

Ambroise

Father of the Church and author, born around 340 in Trier, died in 397 in Milan. Bishop of Milan with a fiercely hostile attitude toward Jews, he protests vehemently to Emperor Theodosius when the…

Ammianus Marcellinus

Roman historian, born in Antioch, Syria, around 320, died around 395. He wrote a history of Rome, from Nerva to Valens, which mentions the Jews several times; one of his passages is at the origin of…

Amram Ḥasida

Babylonian Amora of the third generation, in the 4th century, contemporary of R. Naḥman. His epithet « Ḥassida » (the Pious) comes from an episode where, to escape a great temptation, he raised a…

Amram, Rab

Babylonian amora of the third generation, in the 4th century, contemporary of Ḥisda, Naḥman and Abba bar Mémel. More known in the field of halakha than in that of haggada, he rarely remains original…

Aphraates, le Sage Persan

Name under which is known a Syrian homilist of the 4th century, whose homilies, written between 337 and 345, prove to be of exceptional value for the historian of Judaism: no Church Father was more…

Asher ben Levi

Legendary child converted to Christianity and then martyr, born of Jewish parents, he is said to have lived at the end of the fourth century in Sinjar, between Nisibis and Mosul in Mesopotamia.…

Ashyan

Athanasius

Datation incertaine : IVe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Évêque d'Alexandrie, né 293, mort 373 ap. J.-C. Dates fermement établies par l'hagiographie chrétienne.

Bishop of Alexandria, born in 293, probably in Alexandria, died on May 2, 373. One of the greatest combatants of the ancient Church, he spent twenty of his forty-seven years of official life in…

Awia, Rab Ou Iwia

Babylonian amora of the fourth generation, in the fourth century, contemporary of Abaye and Raba and brother-in-law of Rammi b. Pappa, he was a disciple of R. Joseph and distinguished himself by the…

Awira, Rab

Babylonian amora of the third and fourth generation, in the fourth century, contemporary of Abaye and Safra, he emigrated to Palestine where he was a bailiff in the college of the "great master"…

Azaria

Palestinian master of the fourth generation of amoraim, in the fourth century, he transmitted the teachings of several amoraim of previous generations while himself being cited by his contemporaries.…

Baba

Son of Nathanael and grandson of Aḳbun, High Priests, he was an eminent leader and High Priest of the Samaritans in the time of the Emperor Constantine, in the fourth century. According to Samaritan…

Bebai B. Abaye

Babylonian scholar of the fourth and fifth amoraic generations, active in the 4th century, son of the famous Abaye Nahmani and presiding judge at Pumbedita, where his father had headed the academy.…

Benjamin Asya

Benjamin Asya, also called Minyomi, is a Babylonian rabbinic scholar of the third and fourth amoraic generations (fourth century), contemporary of Rab Joseph and Raba, and founder of a school known…

Benjamin B. Giddel, R.

R. Benjamin b. Giddel (or Giddul) is a Palestinian amora of the fourth generation (fourth century), contemporary of R. Aḥa III, whose name appears rarely in the Talmud and only in the Halakha. He…

Benjamin B. Levi, R

R. Benjamin b. Lévi is a Palestinian amora of the fourth century, young contemporary of R. Ammi and R. Isaac and elder of Abin II, known especially for his homiletical teachings. He thus comments on…

Béréchiah Ii., R.

R. Berechia II is a Palestinian amora of the fourth century, cited by his first name alone in the Talmud and sometimes with the title « ha-Cohen » in the Midrashim. Probably of Babylonian origin but…

Bevai bar Abaye

IVe siècle

Son of Abaye, Babylonian sage; 5th generation.

Bezalel

Bezalel was a Palestinian amora of the fourth century, known in midrashic literature solely as an author of aggadic sayings, two of which were transmitted by Berechia. He notably interpreted the…

Bisna, Bisinah, Bisni

Bisna (also Bisinah, Bisni, or Bizna) is a Palestinian scholar of the fourth generation of amoraim (fourth century), contemporary of Berechia II, with whom he appears in a halakhic discussion; his…

Bun

Constantin Ier.

Roman emperor, born on February 27, 274, died on May 22, 337, proclaimed emperor in Gaul at the death of his father Constance Chlore in 306. He defeats Maxentius in 312 then vanquishes Licinius in…

Daniel, Ḥayyaṭa

Daniel Ḥayyaṭa ("the Tailor"), Palestinian sage whose two scriptural interpretations are preserved in the Midrash, regarding Genesis xxvi. 14 and Ecclesiastes iv. 1. His era can only be conjectured:…

Domninus Ou Domnus

Jewish philosopher who lived between 400 and 480, originating from Laodicea or Larissa in Syria, Domninus studied under Syrianus, whom he perhaps succeeded as master of the Neoplatonic school of…

Dosa

Palestinian Amora probably of the 4th century, Dosa, whose decisions on halakha the Jerusalem Talmud preserves and whose aggadic sayings midrashic literature records in several places — notably that…

Dosa B. Ṭebet

Palestinian Amora of the 4th century, Dosa b. Ṭébet is known through a maxim, transmitted by the haggadist Ḥouna, on the two most dangerous inclinations of man: « God created in his world two…

Efa Ou Ḥefa

Rabbinic scholar of the 4th century, from Babylonia, counted among the "ingenious scholars of Poumbedita" although few halakhot and aggadot are attributed to him. His full name, "'Efa b. Raḥba",…

Éléazar B. Abina

Palestinian preacher of the fourth generation of Amoraim, in the 4th century, a younger contemporary of Aha III and senior to R. Yudan. One of the homilies bearing his name maintains that the…

Éléazar B. Malai

Palestinian scholar of the fourth century, whose name appears only once in the Babylonian Talmud, as a reporter of a homily by Simeon b. Laqish denouncing the corruption of courts — venal judges,…

Éléazar B. Ménachem

Palestinian sage of the fourth generation of amoraim, in the 4th century, to whom few haggadic teachings are attributed. Commenting on the verse from Psalms about the "river of your delights"…

Éphrem le Syrien

Church Father born in Nisibis, in Syria — whence his epithet "the Syrian" — or in Edessa, at the beginning of the 4th century. Author of numerous Syriac commentaries on the Pentateuch and most of the…

Eusèbe

Datation incertaine : IVe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Évêque de Césarée, né vers 270, actif au Concile de Nicée (325).

Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea and "father of the history of the Church", was born around 270. In his "Demonstratio Evangelica", directed against Judaism, he urged the conversion of Jews, a position…

Gamaliel V

400–380

Jewish Rabbi and Prince of the Sanhedrin.

Gamaliel VI

370–425

Rabbi and Prince of the Ancient Sanhedrin.

Ḥama

Babylonian sage of the fourth generation of Amoraim, contemporary of Papa and successor of Naḥman b. Isaac as head of the academy of Pumbedita, from 356 to 377. Coming from Nehardea, he was known…

Hamnuna Zuṭa

Hamnuna Zouta is a Babylonian amora of the 4th century, junior and contemporary of Hamnuna II, whose name (« the little one ») distinguishes him from his elder namesake. He appropriates for the…

Ḥana B. Bizna

Ḥana ben Bizna is a Babylonian scholar of the 3rd and 4th centuries, judge at Poumbedita, renowned for his mastery of aggada to the point that R. Sheshet, who had attempted to contradict him on this…

Hanania

Hanania, called Ḥanina, is a Palestinian amora of the third and fourth centuries, junior disciple of Ḥiyya ben Abba and Ze'ira I, surnamed "the companion of the rabbis". Born in Babylonia, presumed…

Hananiah

Hanania, called Ḥanina, is a Palestinian master of the fourth amoraic generation, in the 4th century, nephew of R. Hoshaya and junior disciple of Ze'ira the First, contemporary of Yossé II. He is…

Ḥanina B. Abbahu

Ḥanina ben Abbahou, sometimes called Ḥanina of Caesarea, is a Palestinian amora of the fourth generation. Sent by his father, R. Abbahou, to study at the academies of Tiberias, he actually devoted…

Hanina B. Isaac

Ḥanina (Ḥinena) ben Isaac is a Palestinian haggadist of the 4th century, contemporary of Samuel ben Ammi, with whom he had an exegetical controversy. He is credited with a famous parable about the…

Hanina B. Pazzi

Ḥanina ben Pazzi is a Palestinian haggadist of the 3rd and 4th centuries, whose teaching is limited to midrashic literature and who might have been the brother of the better-known amora Simon ben…

Ḥanina de Shalḳa

Ḥanina of Shalḳa is a Palestinian haggadist of the 4th century, contemporary of Joshua of Siknin, with whom his name appears associated in the midrashim to report the interpretations of their…

Ḥarith ibn 'amr

Datation incertaine : IVe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Roi yéménite; dates précises 260-330 CE; roi juif post-talmudique

Ḥarith ibn 'Amr is a king of Yemen converted to Judaism, born around 260, ascended to the throne around 320 and died around 330, great-great-grandson of Abou Karib, the first Yemenite king to embrace…

Hillel B. Samuel B. Naḥman

Hillel b. Samuel b. Nahman is a Palestinian haggadist of the fourth century, probably trained by his father, but also by other masters, including Levi b. Hama. According to him, the merit of the…

Hillel II

c. 330-365

Patriarch of Judea who, around 359, fixed the perpetual Jewish calendar still in use today. This momentous reform allowed diaspora communities to celebrate the festivals on the same dates without…

Hoshaiah

Palestinian Amora of the third and fourth generations, died around 350 of the common era, descendant of the priest Eli, which, according to tradition, prevented Johanan from ordaining him with his…

Hoshaiah II

IVe siècle

Israeli sage of the 4th generation, namesake of Hoshaiah Rabbah.

Hoshaiah Ze'era De-min Ḥabraya

Palestinian amora of the third generation, died around 350 of the Common Era, nicknamed « Zeéra » (the young) to distinguish him from Hoshaiah the Elder. Attached to the « southern » rabbis, in Lower…

Huna B. Ḥanina

Babylonian Amora of the fifth generation, in the fourth century, disciple of Abaye and Raba, alongside whom studied R. Safra, Abba b. Huna and R. Papa. He once contested, with Huna b. Naḥman, a…

Huna b. Nathan

400–500

babylonian rabbi and exilarch

Huna bar Abbin Ha-kohen

Palestinian amora of the first half of the fourth century, disciple of R. Jeremiah in whose name he transmitted several halakhic and aggadic teachings. Active at the school of Tiberias led by Yosef,…

Huna bar Nathan

IVe–Ve siècle

Exilarch, contemporary and friend of Rav Ashi.

Huna ben Joshua

IVe siècle

Study companion of Rav Papa; 5th generation Babylonian.

Idi B. Abin Naggara

Babylonian Amora of the fourth period, around 350, son of a craftsman nicknamed « Naggara » (carpenter) from Nerash, in Babylonia, and brother of Ḥiyya — Huna is said to have predicted their birth…

Idi bar Abin

IVe siècle

Disciple of Rava; founded a lineage of sages at Naresh/Shekanzib.

Jacob B. Abba

Jacob bar Abina

Palestinian amora of the 4th century, known for having transmitted the aggadic teachings of Samuel ben Naḥman, Abbahou and Abba ben Kahana. He had a lively controversy with R. Jérémie on the question…

Jacob ben Zabda

Palestinian amora of the fourth generation, presumed disciple of Abbahou whose several halakhic decisions he transmits, Jacob ben Zabda firmly believed in the powers of magic: according to him, one…

Jacob de Kefar Neburaya

Fourth-century Judeo-Christian from Kefar Neburaya, near Safed, Jacob was first known as an aggadist, some of his interpretations — notably that of Habakkuk ii. 19 as a condemnation of simony —…

Jeremiah (II)

IVe siècle

Babylonian who emigrated to Israel; renowned for his dialectical questions.

Jeremiah (III)

IVe siècle

Israeli sage, namesake of the 4th generation.

Jérémie de Difta

Jeremiah of Difta was a Babylonian amora of the fourth century, contemporary of Papi. Rabina, who later participated in the compilation of the Talmud of Babylon, was his student.

Johanan ben Meriya

Johanan ben Meriya was a Palestinian amora of the fifth and sixth generations, in the fourth and fifth centuries. Frequently cited in the Jerusalem Talmud, in halakhic as well as, more often, aggadic…

Jonas

Jonas, Palestinian amora of the fourth century, was one of the leading rabbinic authorities of his generation; trained under Zeira I and Ela alongside his classmate Yossé II, he had Jeremiah as his…

Jose B. Jacob B. Idi

José b. Jacob b. Idi was a Palestinian amora of the fourth generation, in the fourth century, colleague of R. Youdan of Magdala and one of the interpreters of the agadot of R. Aha the Lydian. He is…

Jose bar Zevida

IVe siècle

Head of Tiberias with R. Yona; last great Israeli duo.

Jose ben Abin

IVe siècle

Late Israeli halakhist, authority of the Talmud of Jerusalem.

José de Mallaḥaya

José de Mallahaya, Palestinian amora of the fourth generation, explained, on the basis of Psalm 57, that the misfortunes that befell the Jews came from their propensity for slander, already…

Joseph L'apostat

Joseph the Apostate, a Jew converted to Christianity in the first half of the fourth century, was one of the assessors of the rabbinical school of the Patriarch Juda III in Tiberias, who sent him as…

Joshua B. Abin

Palestinian Amora of the fourth century, whose name is chiefly associated with haggadot: he transmitted a haggadah of Lévi and a halakah of 'Anani ben Sason, and certain of his own haggadic sayings…

Josué ben Néhémie

Palestinian amora of the 4th century, almost exclusively devoted to the haggadah — no halakhic opinion of his is known — and whose name, cited only once in the Talmud, recurs frequently in midrashic…

Judah ben Simeon ben Pazzi

Palestinian amora and haggadist of the early fourth century, who frequently transmits halakhic and haggadic aphorisms in the name of his father, R. Joshua ben Levi, R. Johanan and Simeon ben Laḳish.…

Judah Ha-levi ben Shalom

Palestinian amora of the fourth generation, active in the second half of the 4th century; his halakhic decisions, few in number, are reported in the Jerusalem Talmud, where he notably opposes Ḥanania…

Judah IV

400–400

Nasi of the Sanhedrin (385–400 CE) following Gamaliel V

Julian L'apostat

Roman emperor, born on November 17, 331 and reigning from November 361 to June 363. Upon his accession to the throne, he proclaimed freedom of worship for all faiths, ended the heavy taxes weighing…

Luliani ben Ṭabrin

Palestinian scholar of the early 4th century, known especially as a transmitter of the haggadot of his master Isaac Nappaḥa, and frequently cited in pre-talmudic literature and the Midrash. A single…

Mar Zutra

400–417

Jewish Amora sage of Babylon

Maremar

IVe–Ve siècle

Head of Sura, contemporary of Rav Ashi; 6th generation.

Mari bar Rachel

IVe siècle

Grandson of Samuel through his daughter Rachel; Babylonian sage.

Nathan De-ẓuẓita, L'exilarque

Papa

Datation incertaine : IVe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora babylonien de cinquième génération, né ~300, mort 375.

Babylonian amora of the fifth generation, born around the year 300 and died in 375, disciple of Rava and Abaye. After the death of his masters, he founded an academy at Neres, near Soura, where he…

Patricius

Pedat B. Eleazar

Palestinian amora of the fourth generation, in the first half of the fourth century, disciple of his father and assistant of R. Assi, whose teachings he completes by carefully distinguishing what he…

Phinehas B. Ḥama

Phinehas b. Ḥama is a Palestinian amora of the 4th century, probably born in Siknin, disciple of R. Jeremiah and R. Hilkiah. He also spent some time in Babylonia and there publicly proclaimed in the…

Raba

Datation incertaine : IVe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora babylonien 4e génération, né vers 280, mort 352 de l'ère commune.

Babylonian amora of the fourth generation, born around 280 in Maḥoza and died in that same city in 352. Trained at Sourah under R. Ḥisda, whose widow daughter of Rami b. Ḥama he married, he studied…

Raba B. 'ulla

Babylonian amora of the third generation, whose exact period remains uncertain; friend of 'Ulla, disciple of R. Johanan, his opinions are cited before those of Raba b. Joseph b. Ḥama and R. Papa.…

Rabbah B. Ḥanan

Babylonian amora of the fourth generation, disciple of Rabba bar Naḥmani and fellow student of Abayé, whose contemporary he was; their master had predicted that they would both eulogize him. He…

Rabbah B. Liwai

Babylonian Amora of the fourth generation, contemporary of Raba b. Joseph b. Ḥama, whose error he demonstrated in two decisions, leading to their annulment. One of his sayings has been preserved;…

Rabbah B. Mari

Babylonian Amora of the fourth generation, Rabbah b. Mari spent some time in Palestine before returning to Babylonia, where he transmitted maxims from R. Yoḥanan and R. Joshua b. Lévi and pronounced…

Rabbah B. Matna

Babylonian amora of the fourth generation, contemporary and colleague of R. Zeira II. Renowned for the slowness and rigor of his method, his conclusions were generally sound and carried authority in…

Rabbah B. Samuel

Babylonian Amora of the second half of the 3rd century, son of Mar Samuel of Neardée. Associated with R. Ḥiyya bar Abba, R. Ḥisda and R. Sheshet, to whom he transmits several baraïtot previously…

Rabbah B. Shela

Babylonian amora of the fourth generation, contemporary of Raba and judge, probably in Poumbedita, renowned for his integrity: he taught that a judge must not borrow anything from those under his…

Rabbah bar Shila

IVe siècle

Babylonian sage cited in the Talmud; 4th generation.

Rabbi Aha

IVe siècle

Prolific Israeli aggadist of the Talmud of Jerusalem; 4th generation.

Rabbi Aibu

IVe siècle

Israeli aggadist cited in the midrashim.

Rabbi Berekhiah

IVe siècle

Major Israeli aggadist of the midrashim; 4th/5th generation.

Rabbi Jonah

IVe siècle

Head of Tiberias with R. Yossi; father of R. Mana II.

Rabbi Mana II

IVe siècle

Head of Sepphoris, son of R. Yona; final authority of the Yerushalmi.

Rabbi Yohanan bar Nappaha

c. 199-279

A great Amora of the Land of Israel, he founded the academy of Tiberias which produced the Jerusalem Talmud. Renowned for his beauty and piety, his tragic friendship with Resh Lakish is one of the…

Rabin

IVe siècle

"Nahota", brought the teachings of Israel to Babylonia ("when Rabin came").

Raframi.

Babylonian amora of the 4th century, disciple of R. Ḥisda in his youth, in whose name he transmits several halakhic and haggadic teachings. He succeeds Rab Dimi at the head of the school of Pumbedita…

Rami bar Hama

IVe siècle

Babylonian dialectician, brother-in-law of Rava; 4th generation.

Rav Dimi

IVe siècle

"Nahota", transmitted the teachings of Israel to Babylonia.

Rav Ilish

IVe siècle

Babylonian Amora of the fourth generation, contemporary of Rava (Baba Metsia 96a). The Talmud reports his captivity, with the daughters of Rav Nahman: a fellow captive who understood the language of…

Rav Kahana III

IVe siècle

Disciple of Rava, transmitted his teachings; 4th generation.

Rav Mesharshiya

IVe siècle

Disciple of Rava, Babylonian dialectician; 5th generation.

Rav Papi

IVe siècle

Disciple of Rava, colleague of Rav Papa; Babylonian judge.

Rav Yemar

IVe–Ve siècle

Head of Sura, contemporary of Rav Ashi; 6th generation.

Rav Zevid

IVe siècle

Head of Pumbedita after Rava; 5th generation Babylonian.

Rava

280-352

Babylonian Talmudic master, head of the academy of Mahoza. His debates with Abaye ("discussions of Abaye and Rava") are among the most subtle reasonings of the Talmud. The halakha almost always…

Ravina I

400–422

rabbi

Sama B. Raḳta

Babylonian amora of the sixth generation, contemporary of Rabina I, with whom he debated a halakhic question and to whom he transmitted a teaching from Rab Avia. He is probably identical to Rabbi…

Samuel ben Abbahu

Babylonian amora of the fourth century, known for a ritual controversy with R. Aḥaï concerning the consumption of the Circassian goat, which he judged permissible while his opponent opposed it; the…

Samuel ben Ammi

Palestinian amora of the early fourth century, known for his controversies with other scholars. He notably argued that King Abiya of Judah had, according to a verse in Chronicles, left the bodies of…

Samuel ben Jonah

Palestinian Amora of the fourth century, perhaps identical to Samuel ben Inija. He gave an opinion on the system of calculation of the new moon by Samuel ben Naḥman, and transmitted traditions from…

Samuel ben José ben Bun

Palestinian amora of the fourth century, at the time when the Talmud of Jerusalem is said to have been ordered and completed by his father, Yossé. Some of his sayings are preserved in the Talmud of…

Samuel ben Nathan

Amora of the early fourth century, known primarily as a transmitter of the teachings of Ḥama b. Ḥanina, who in turn reports a tradition from Samuel concerning a journey to the baths of Gadar…

Tanḥum bar Jérémie

Palestinian Amora of the 4th century, disciple of R. Manis the Elder. Having rendered a religious decision in Hefer, in Galilee, while his master resided nearby, his action was judged unauthorized.…

Tanhuma bar Abba

400–400

Jewish amora

Yannai le Jeune

Palestinian Amora of the fourth generation, surnamed "the Young" to distinguish him from Yannaï ben Ismaël. Exempted from the laws of priestly purity at the death of his father-in-law so that he…

Yiẓḥaḳ B. Eleazar de Césarée

Palestinian amora of the fourth century, greatly beloved teacher of his students in the ancient synagogue of Caesarea, where Jacob of Kefar Nibburaya placed him as high as God is in the Temple of…

Yiẓḥaḳ bar Joseph

Palestinian amora of the third and fourth centuries, disciple of Abbahou and then of Yohanan, whose teachings he particularly transmitted. According to one tradition, he was saved from an evil spirit…

Yiẓḥaḳ bar Judah

Babylonian amora of the fourth century, young contemporary of Oulla, trained in the paternal house in Pumbedita. Sent by his father to Neardea to observe how Oulla pronounced the blessing of Habdala,…

Yiẓḥaḳ bar Redifa

Palestinian amora of the fourth century, transmitter of the agada of R. Ammi, author of several explanations of the Samson narratives. He interpreted a word from Isaiah evoking women who perfumed…

Yiẓḥaḳ ben Ḥiyya le Scribe

Palestinian amora of the fourth century, contemporary of Mani, known as a scribe. He is credited with a decision authorizing the use of various parchments for Torah scrolls — a rule he excluded for…

Yiẓḥaḳ ben Ṭablai

Palestinian amora of the fourth century, contemporary of Jacob ben Zabdaï and Helbo, with whom he was called to decide a question of religious law. Unable to determine on his own whether the law of…

Yiẓḥaḳ ben Ze'era

Palestinian Amora of the fourth century, to whom is attributed an interpretation of a verse of the Psalms comparing the setting sun to a drop of blood the size of a grain of mustard, as well as a…

Yudan

Palestinian Amora of the fourth century, disciple of Abba then colleague of Jossé, principal of the school of Tiberias, with whom he shared the office of judge and had frequent halakhic…

Zebid

Zerika

IVe siècle

Israeli sage, transmitted from R. Eleazar and R. Ammi.