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Zakhor
Ancient Diaspora201-300 apr. J.-C.

IIIth century CE

Écoles galiléennes et premiers midrashim

Summary

Les amoraïm commentent la Mishna à Tibériade et Sepphoris ; Hiyya et Samuel enseignent à Nehardea et Soura. La Guemara de Jérusalem s'ébauche.

Notable events

  • c. 220Rav (Abba Arikha) fonde l'académie de Sura en Babylonie.
  • c. 220-250Samuel dirige l'académie de Nehardea ; principe « le droit du royaume est le droit ».
  • 226Chute de l'Empire parthe ; les Sassanides prennent le pouvoir en Perse.
  • c. 260Destruction de Nehardea par Odénat de Palmyre ; transfert à Poumbedita.
  • c. 275Composition du Mekhilta et du Sifra, premiers midrashim halakhiques.

The century in narrative

Le IIIᵉ siècle apr. J.-C. est celui de la transition. Les grands maîtres de la Mishna (*tannaïm*) cèdent la place à leurs commentateurs (*amoraïm*). Et le centre de gravité du judaïsme, longtemps attaché à la Galilée, commence à basculer vers la Babylonie. En un siècle, les deux écoles — celle de la Terre d'Israël et celle de Babel — posent les bases d'un millénaire de commentaire rabbinique.

En Galilée, après la mort de Rabbi Judah ha-Nassi (217), la dynastie patriarcale perdure mais perd progressivement son autorité morale absolue. Les académies se multiplient : Tibériade, Sepphoris (Tsippori), Césarée, Lod (Lydda), Beit She'arim. Les sages de cette époque — Rabbi Yohanan bar Nappaha (180-279), Resh Laqish (anciennement gladiateur repenti), Rabbi Éléazar ben Pedat — commentent la Mishna, la comparent aux traditions orales, la confrontent aux versets bibliques. Leurs débats seront consignés dans la Guemara, qui, combinée à la Mishna, formera le *Talmud Yerushalmi*. Rabbi Yohanan est traditionnellement considéré comme le premier rédacteur.

Beit She'arim devient la nécropole des sages. Rabbi Judah ha-Nassi y est enterré dans un sarcophage monumental retrouvé au XXᵉ siècle ; les catacombes alentour abritent des milliers de tombes juives décorées de menorahs, de shofars et d'inscriptions en grec et en hébreu. Le site montre combien le judaïsme antique tardif était pluriel et hellénisé.

Mais le grand événement du siècle est la montée de la Babylonie. Abba Arikha, dit *Rav*, élève de Rabbi Judah ha-Nassi, retourne en Babylonie vers 220 et fonde l'académie de Sura, au sud de Bagdad actuelle. Son contemporain Mar Samuel (ou Samuel de Nehardea), grand astronome et médecin, dirige l'académie de Nehardea. Samuel formule le principe célèbre *dina de-malkhuta dina* — « la loi du royaume est loi » — qui autorise les Juifs à se soumettre aux lois civiles des pouvoirs politiques sous lesquels ils vivent, tant qu'elles ne violent pas la Torah. Ce principe deviendra déterminant pour deux mille ans de vie juive en diaspora.

En Perse, l'Empire parthe s'effondre en 226. Ardashir fonde la dynastie sassanide ; le zoroastrisme devient religion d'État. Les Juifs de Babylonie bénéficient de relations généralement correctes avec les nouveaux souverains. Le grand roi Shapur Iᵉʳ dialogue avec Samuel. Mais en 260, Odénat de Palmyre, général arabe au service de Rome, détruit Nehardea dans ses campagnes contre Shapur. Les sages fuient à Poumbedita (près de l'actuelle Fallouja en Irak), qui deviendra, avec Sura, le duo dominant des académies babyloniennes pendant huit siècles.

C'est aussi le siècle des premiers midrashim halakhiques — les commentaires juridiques verset par verset des livres de l'Exode (*Mekhilta*), du Lévitique (*Sifra*), des Nombres et du Deutéronome (*Sifrei*). Le midrash aggadique — récits, homélies, paraboles — prospère parallèlement. La *Guemara* en gestation intègre ces traditions dans un vaste tissu argumentatif.

En Palestine, le pays est ruiné. Les Juifs vivent surtout en Galilée et dans la plaine de Sharon. Rome reconnaît le patriarcat juif mais surveille. Vers 260, un empereur devient chrétien — Philippe l'Arabe, à titre contesté. Dans un demi-siècle, le christianisme deviendra religion d'Empire. La condition juive va changer du tout au tout. Mais pour l'heure, en Galilée comme à Sura, on étudie.

Figures of the century (210)

Abba Arika

Famous Babylonian amora surnamed Rab, Abba Arika founded the academy of Sura and died in 247. Ordained by Judah I, he returned to Babylonia where his arrival marks, in talmudic chronology, the 530th…

Abba B. Abina

Amora of the third century, originally from Babylon and student of Rab, emigrated to Palestine where he became known for his numerous haggadic sayings. He is notably attributed the composition of a…

Abba bar Benjamin bar Ḥiyya

Palestinian scholar of the third and fourth centuries, contemporary of R. Abbahu; probably born in Babylonia, where he is noted seeking halakhic information from Rab Huna b. Ḥiyya, he later settled…

Abba bar Kahana

IIIe–IVe siècle

Reputed Israeli aggadist; 3rd generation.

Abba bar Memel

IIIe–IVe siècle

Refined Israeli halakhist, contemporary of R. Ammi and R. Assi.

Abba bar Zabdai

Palestinian amora of the third century, trained in Babylonia under Rab and Huna, then established in Tiberias, where he held a respected position alongside Ammi and Assi. He is reported to have had…

Abba Cohen de Bardela

Scholar of the last Tannaitic generation, around the beginning of the third century. From him are preserved some halakot relating to rabbinic civil law as well as several homiletic biblical…

Abba de Carthage

Palestinian amora active in the late third century, from Carthage—a nickname that it is erroneous to relate to Cartagena in Spain or to a city in Armenia. He is frequently mentioned in the Jerusalem…

Abba Hoshaya de Turya, Ou Traya

Palestinian wool washer of the third century, of whom no learning is reported, but whose piety and honesty nourished the legends of the haggadists. It is said that he was born on the day of the death…

Abba of Acre

IIIe–IVe siècle

Sage of Acre (Akko) cited in the Talmud.

Abba Ou Raba bar Jeremiah

Babylonian Amora of the third century, son of Jeremiah b. Abba and disciple of Rab. Established in Sura, he transmitted to his generation the words of Rab and Samuel; several of his own sayings,…

Abbahu

300–320

member of the third generation of Amoraim

Abdan Ou Abidan

Palestinian scholar of the first generation of the amoraim, living around the beginning of the 3rd century, disciple and amora (usher-repeater) of Rabbi Judah I. He remained known for his altercation…

Abdima b. Hamdure ou Hamdude

Amora who lived in the third century. He is probably identical to a certain (Mar) Bar Hamdure, mentioned as a disciple of the sage Samuel.

Abdimi Mallaḥa

Contemporary of R. Ḥiyya b. Abba and of Jacob b. Aḥa, he belonged to the numerous group of scholars pursuing a manual craft, in this case the manufacture of sails.

Abiathar

Palestinian Amora, contemporary of R. Judah (217-299) and his successor R. Ḥisda, head of the academy of Sura, with whom he maintained correspondence; he protested there against the influx of…

Abimi B. Abbahu

Jewish sage of the third century, always cited as Abimi son of Rabbi Abbahou, whose exact origin and lineage remain disputed among talmudic authorities. He is known for having transmitted several…

Abin B. Naḥman

Abin B. Rab Ḥisda

Palestinian Amora, disciple of Rabbi Yohanan. A few exegetical remarks of his, preserved in midrashic literature, show that he was interested in languages and sought to clarify the meaning of Hebrew…

Abin ben Tanḥum bar Ṭerifon

Palestinian scholar known for an original calculation by which he endeavors to show that the biblical expression « this soul shall be cut off from his people » designates a death occurring before the…

Abin Naggara

Babylonian amora of the second and third generations, carpenter by trade, he devoted his nights to study. Noticing the light constantly lit in his home, Rab Houna I predicted that learned sons would…

Ablat

Wise man and non-Jewish astrologer of Babylonia, bound in close friendship with Mar Samuel, who died in 254; this relationship illustrates the courtesy that could prevail between Babylonian Jews and…

Adda

Adda B. Minyomi

Babylonian Amora of the third century, younger contemporary of Rabina I and of Houna Mar b. Iddi, he is sometimes cited anonymously under the name of « Court of Nehardea ».

Adda B. Simon

Palestinian Amora known principally for a body of ethical rules which he transmitted in the name of his predecessors, mentioned in the Talmud of Jerusalem and the Midrash Qohélet Rabba.

Adda bar Ahavah

300–400

Two Jewish rabbis and Talmudic scholars

Adda de Césarée

Disciple of R. Yoḥanan and master of the third generation of Amoraim, he was, because of his nickname, wrongly considered to be the son of R. Abbahou of Caesarea.

Adda, Meshoḥaah

Disciple of R. Judah b. Ezekiel, he taught Rava how to measure the boundaries of a city for the regulation of permitted travels on the Sabbath day.

Aḥa B. Awya Ou 'awa

Babylonian halakist of the third generation of the Amoraim, he spent a time in Palestine where he followed the lessons of Rav Assi and presumably met Rabbi Yohanan; disciple of Rav Ḥisda in…

Aḥa B. Ḥanina

Palestinian amora of the third-fourth centuries, he gathered rare Baraïtot among the scholars of the Darom, in the south of Judea, which he transmitted to his colleagues even in the Babylonian…

Aḥa B. Shila de Kefar Tamrata Ou Temarta

Aggadist of the second generation of Amoraim (3rd century), commenting on Esther ii, 23 ("and it was written in the book of the chronicles before the king"), he saw in it an encouragement for those…

Aha bar Jacob

IIIe–IVe siècle

Renowned Babylonian sage, contemporary of Abaye; dialectician.

Aḥa Bardala

Aḥa Ii

Palestinian amora of the first generation (3rd century), nicknamed Berabbi, Ha-Gadol or Roba (« the Great »), he systematized the Baraïtot at the academy of Ḥiya ha-Gadol and was the master of Samuel…

Alexa

Alexandri

IIIe siècle

Israeli aggadist, preacher; his prayers are cited.

Ammi bar Abba

IIIe–IVe siècle

Head of Tiberias after R. Yohanan, with R. Assi (3rd generation).

Ammi, Aimi, Ou Immi

The most famous of the amoraim bearing this name, Palestinian amora of the third generation, in the 3rd century, probably originally from Babylonia like his lifelong friend R. Assi, both sons of…

Amram B. Simon B. Abba

Son of a scholar and nephew of R. Ḥiyya ben Abba, he seems to have left no trace of his own in the scholarly world: his name is associated only with two homiletic observations that he reports in the…

Anan

IIIe siècle

Disciple of Samuel of Nehardea, 2nd Babylonian generation.

Anani ben Sason

IIIe–IVe siècle

Israeli sage occasionally cited in the Talmud.

Anani, 'inani, 'inyani, 'ananiel B. Sason

Palestinian amora of the third century, contemporary of R. Ammi. Laconic in halakha, he proves inventive in aggada instead: he explains, for instance, that priestly garments, like sacrifices, have an…

Aristai

Palestinian scholar of the third generation of amoraim, in the 3rd century, colleague of R. Samuel ben Naḥman. The latter, commenting on the rain of sulfur and fire on Sodom and Gomorrah, deplores…

Artaban V

Last of the Parthian kings, died in 227. Son of Volageses V, whose throne he assumed around 216 after a struggle against his brother Volageses VI, he led for years a victorious war against Rome,…

Avdimi of Haifa

300–400

Israeli rabbi

Awia Saba , Rab

Babylonian halakist of the third generation of Amoraim, in the third and fourth centuries, contemporary of Rab Pappa the Elder and of Rabbah b. Ḥanan, he was born in Poumbedita and often sat at the…

Bannaah, Bannay, Bannayah

Semi-tanna of Palestine in the early third century, he was one of the great aggadists of his time, fully recognizing the merit of the Mishna compiled by Rabbi as a stage in the development of…

Bebai

Benjamin B. 'ashtor

Benjamin b. 'Ashtor is a Palestinian decisioner (halakhist) of the third amoraic generation, contemporary of R. Ḥiyya b. Abba and the elder of R. Hezekiah; Talmudic sources also cite him simply by…

Benjamin B. Ihi

Benjamin b. Ihi (or Minyamin) is a Babylonian scholar of the second and third amoraic generations (third century), brother of Abbahou b. Ihi, disciple of Samuel. Both, fiercely closed to relations…

Benjamin B. Japhet

Benjamin b. Japhet is a Palestinian scholar of the third generation of amoraim (third century), disciple of R. Johanan and elder brother of R. Zeïra I. Active in both Halakha and Haggada, he was not…

Benjamin Ginzakayah

Benjamin Ginzakayah is a Babylonian scholar of the third century, contemporary of Mar Samuel. Legend reports that death surprised him as he was about to resolve a ritual question in the sense of Rab…

Benjamin le Berger

Benjamin the Shepherd is a shepherd of Babylonia from the beginning of the third century, whose blessing formula the Talmud has preserved. Ignorant of Hebrew and thus unable to recite the graces…

Berechiah I., R

R. Berechia I is a Palestinian scholar of the second generation of Amoraim (third century), always cited without patronymic or surname, except once when R. Abin III designates him as "Berechia Saba"…

Chananja

300–400

second and third generation Amora Sage of the Land of Israel

Daniel B. Ḳeṭina

Babylonian Amora active in the second half of the 3rd century, contemporary of Zeira, Daniel b. Ḳeṭina is cited in the Talmuds of Jerusalem and Babylon by several masters of his generation, most…

Dioclétien

Roman Emperor (285-305), son of Dalmatian slaves according to Eutropius, Diocletian owed his rise to his personal qualities alone; rabbinic sources depict him as a swineherd in his youth, spent in…

El'asah

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle et le IVe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora époque incertaine ; controverse avec non-Juif, contexte rabbinique tardif

Amora of uncertain period, known for a controversy with a philosopher named Philippus on the verse of Malachi about Edom ("They shall build, but I will throw down"): when confronted with the…

Éliakim

Palestinian scholar of the 3rd century, whose name is attached only to a single haggada, an interpretation of the Psalms verse according to which God erases the path of the wicked so that the…

Ena, Rab

Babylonian sage of the third amoraic generation, in the 3rd century, contemporary of Rab Juda b. Ezekiel — both called « elders of Poumbedita ». A halakhic discourse he pronounced before the exilarch…

Epes the Southerner

IIIe siècle

From southern Judea, directed the academy of Sepphoris after Juda haNassi.

Éphèse, Aphèse Ou Pas

Master of the late period of the tannaïm, in the 3rd century, secretary of patriarch Juda I. After the latter's death, he directed an academy in southern Judea and then became head of the academy of…

Ephraim Safra

Palestinian sage of the 3rd century, disciple of Simeon b. Laḳish, in whose name he reports a civil law; certain versions of the same text read "Ephraim Maḳsha'ah" in his place, which would then…

Ézéchias ben Parnak

Ézéchias ben Parnak is a Palestinian amora who lived at the end of the third century. He is mentioned only once in the treatise Berakhot (63a), where is attributed to him the transmission of an…

Gamaliel III

250–235

3rd century Judean rabbi and nasi

Gamaliel IV

300–290

Rabbi and nasi

Geniva

IIIe siècle

Turbulent Babylonian sage, contemporary of Rav Huna; executed.

Ḥalafta de Huna

Ḥama B. Bisa

Ḥama b. Bisa is a third-century amora, an intermediate link in a trio of scholars between his predecessor and his son Hoshaya, whom he did not recognize when, returning from a twelve-year study…

Hama bar Hanina

IIIe siècle

Israeli aggadist, son of Hanina bar Hama; active in Sepphoris.

Hamnuna

IIIe siècle

Disciple of Rav; several sages bear this name (2nd generation).

Hamnuna de Babylonie

Hamnuna of Babylonia is a master of the Bible, younger than Ḥanina ben Ḥama and older than Jeremiah ben Abba, who both consulted him on exegetical questions. He was the innocent cause of a quarrel…

Hamnuna I

Hamnuna I was a Babylonian amora of the 3rd century, disciple of Rab (Abba Arika), from whom he received instruction in both Halakha and ethics, and whose memory he faithfully honored, even…

Hamnuna Ii

Datation incertaine : entre le IIIe siècle et le IVe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora babylonien des IIIe-IVe siècles; disciples de maîtres du IIIe siècle tardif.

Hamnuna II, called Hamnuna Saba to distinguish him from a younger namesake, is a Babylonian amora of the 3rd and 4th centuries, from Harpania. Trained under the greatest masters of the late 3rd…

Ḥana B. Ḥanilai

Babylonian scholar and philanthropist of the third century, younger than Huna I and Ḥisda. The Talmud recounts that he employed dozens of bakers to prepare bread for the poor, that his house, open on…

Hanan

Hanan is a Babylonian sage of the third generation of amoraim, in the third century, a late disciple of Rab whose teachings he transmits, also active in Palestine where he debates with the great…

Hanan bar Rava

IIIe siècle

Son-in-law of Rav, transmitted traditions of his father-in-law.

Hananeel

Hananeel is a Babylonian scholar of the 3rd century, disciple of Rab and colleague of Beruna and Isaac ben Maḥseya, known for his perfect knowledge of his master's positions, to the point that any…

Hanina B. 'agul

Ḥanina ben 'Agoul is a Palestinian scholar of the third century, younger contemporary of Ḥiyya ben Abba and Tanḥoum ben Ḥanilaï. Having asked Ḥiyya why the formula « that you may be happy » appears…

Ḥanina B. Torta

Ḥanina ben Torta is a Palestinian scholar of the 3rd century, disciple of Yoḥanan and contemporary of Ammi and Isaac Nappaḥa, born in Tirna or Torta, a place that Neubauer identifies either with a…

Hanina bar Papi

IIIe–IVe siècle

Israeli halakhist and aggadist; 3rd/4th generation.

Hanina ben Pappa

300–400

Jewish scholar

Ḥanina Katoba

Ḥanina Katoba is a Palestinian scribe or notary who had acquired some familiarity with law; only one halakha, learned from Aḥa, is attached to his name.

Ḥasa

Ḥasa is a Babylonian amora of the third century, contemporary of Naḥman ben Jacob and Ammi. Although poor, he was entrusted without receipt with the safekeeping of the property of others, so…

Helbo

300–400

important figure in Judaism

Hillel ben Gamaliel Iii

Hillel ben Gamaliel III is a sage of the second amoraic generation, in the third century, son of Gamaliel III and brother of Judah II, probably a student of his grandfather Judah I. His sense of…

Hillel ben Gamliel III

IIIe siècle

son of Gamliel III

Hippolyte

Hippolytus is a Christian theologian of the second and third centuries, schismatic bishop of Rome in opposition to Calixte Ier (217), deported in 235 to Sardinia, where he dies. A prolific author…

Ḥiyya B. Gammada

Palestinian amora of the fourth generation, in the third and fourth centuries, principal disciple of Yossé ben Saül, whose halakhic decisions he transmitted, and also a student of Yossé ben Ḥanina…

Ḥiyya B. Meria

Palestinian Amora of the fourth generation, in the third and fourth centuries, known only through the Jerusalem Talmud, where he is cited as a disciple of R. Yona and R. Yossé. He transmitted, in the…

Hiyya bar Abba

IIIe–IVe siècle

Disciple of R. Yohanan, transmitter; traveled between Israel and Babylonia.

Ḥiyya bar Adda

Palestinian amora of the first half of the third century, nephew of Bar Ḳappara and disciple of Siméon ben Laḳish. Several halakhic decisions are attributed to him, transmitted in the name of Aḥa, of…

Hiyya bar Ami

300–350

3rd- and 4th-generation Bablyonian Amora

Hiyya bar Ashi

IIIe siècle

Disciple of Rav at Sura, second generation of Babylonian Amoraim.

Hiyya bar Joseph

IIIe siècle

Disciple of Rav and Samuel; emigrated to the Land of Israel (2nd generation).

Ḥiyya Ḳara

Palestinian scholar of the third and fourth centuries, disciple of Samuel ben Naḥman, in whose name he asserted that since the destruction of the Temple, one could no longer find either good wine or…

Hoshaiah Rabbah

300–300

early 3rd century Judean Jewish Amora

Idi B. Jacob Ii

Babylonian Amora of the second generation (around 250), disciple of Johanan. The journey between his residence in Babylonia and the academy of Johanan in Tiberias took about three months, so he could…

Isaac Nappaha

IIIe–IVe siècle

Halakhist and aggadist, disciple of R. Yohanan; 3rd generation Israeli.

Jacob bar Idi

IIIe–IVe siècle

Israeli sage, transmitter of traditions of R. Yohanan.

Jacob de Kefar Hanan

Palestinian Amora of the third generation, active in the third and fourth centuries, Jacob of Kefar Ḥanan is chiefly known as an aggadist, although most of his sayings were transmitted only by his…

Jacob Gebulaah

Palestinian scholar of the 3rd century, disciple of Johanan, who also gathered the teaching of Ḥanina ben Ḥama and reported its halakhot and aggadic teachings, sometimes even in Johanan's presence.…

Jeremiah (I)

IIIe siècle

Transitional amora Babylon–Israel; sage of the 1st/2nd generation.

Jeremiah bar Abba

IIIe siècle

Disciple and colleague of Rav, 2nd generation Babylonian.

Jérémie B. Abba

Jeremiah ben Abba was a Babylonian amora of the third century, disciple and companion of Rab. He devoted himself to the study of Halakha, but is also cited for his agadic teachings, most of which…

Johanan B. Nappaḥa

Datation incertaine : IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora palestinien, né fin IIe s., mort 279 CE ; dates biographiques précises.

Johanan b. Nappaḥa, Palestinian scholar born in Sépphoris in the last quarter of the second century and died in Tiberias in 279, orphan raised by his grandfather, had as first masters Yannaï, Hanina…

Jonathan B. 'akmai

Jonathan b. 'Akmaï was a Palestinian amora of the third generation, one of the masters of Abbahou. He probably descended from the Jerusalemite family of the 'Akmaï, which numbered many High Priests.

Jonathan ben Eleazar

Jonathan ben Eleazar was a Palestinian scholar of the third century, contemporary of Hanina b. Hama and disciple of Simon b. Yossé b. Laqonya. Born in Babylon, his first companions in Palestine were…

Jonathan de Bet Gubrin

Jonathan (Nathan) of Bet Goubrin was a Palestinian scholar of the third century, younger than Joshua b. Levi and older than Simon b. Pazzi. He devoted his work to Aggada and contributed several…

Jose B. Ḳaẓrata

José b. Qatsrata, Palestinian amora of the first generation, was the son-in-law of R. José. He taught that the Creator had chosen the finest earth to shape the first man, and defended, in a…

José B. Nehorai

José b. Nehoraï, Palestinian amora of the first generation, had his halakhot transmitted by Johanan. Commenting on Ecclesiastes, he taught that God always comes to the aid of the persecuted, even if…

José B. Saul

José b. Saul, Palestinian amora of the first generation, in the third century, was the disciple of the patriarch Juda I, whose teachings and traditions he transmitted; these were in turn reported by…

Jose bar Hanina

IIIe siècle

Israeli halakhist, disciple of R. Yohanan; 2nd generation.

José de Maon

José de Maon was a popular preacher of the early third century, who held his discourses in a synagogue in Tiberias named after the locality of Maon, whence his epithet. Renowned for the…

José, Abba, de Maḥuza

Abba José of Mahouza was a scholar of the third century (?), cited only once, in the Mekhilta, where an agada is attributed to him through transmission by R. Nathan. According to a conjecture by…

Joseph B. Joshua B. Levi

Joseph b. Joshua b. Levi, amora of the third century, was instructed by his father and became the son-in-law of Judah ha-Nassi; this tie caused his father Joshua b. Levi to rise at his approach, out…

Joseph B. Petros

Joseph b. Pétros, Palestinian amora of the first generation, in the third century, was the father of the first wife of Joshua b. Lévi. Bound in friendship with Bar Qappara, with whom he discussed the…

Joshua ben Levi

300–300

3rd century Judean scholar of the Talmud

Joshua de Shiknin

Amora of the 3rd century, especially known as a transmitter of the haggadah of Levi; he also cites a haggadic saying of Aḥa. From his own hand only one sentence survives, reported by Yusta ben…

Josué B. Lévi

Palestinian amora of the first half of the third century, head of the school of Lydda, in southern Galilee, and close to the masters of the school of Tiberias, Yoḥanan bar Nappaḥa and Simeon ben…

Judah B. Ḥiyya

Palestinian Amora of the first generation, in the third century, son of the famous R. Ḥiyya and twin brother of Ḥizqiya; son-in-law of Yannaï, who outlived him. He and his brother, often referred to…

Judah B. Pedaya

Palestinian Amora of the first generation, in the third century, nephew of Bar Ḳappara; his most important disciple was the haggadist Joshua ben Levi, who claimed to transmit from him numerous…

Judah ben Ezekiel

220–299

Founder of the academy of Poumbedita; disciple of Rav and Samuel.

Judah II

300–270

Rabbi and Prince of the Sanhedrin.

Judah III

265–330

Israeli rabbi

Kahana B. Taḥlifa

Kahana bar Tahlifa is a Babylonian amora of the third century, cited only twice in the Babylonian Talmud — once refuting R. Kahana, another time citing a sentence of R. Kahana bar Minyomi, apparently…

Ḳaṭṭina

Babylonian amora of the second generation, in the 3rd century, both a halakhist and haggadist, disciple of Rav (Abba Arikha); his halakhot are frequently cited in the Babylonian Talmud, transmitted…

Lévi ben Laḥma

Palestinian aggadist of the third century, disciple of Simeon ben Laqish whose aggadic teachings he transmitted, as well as some from Ḥama b. Ḥanina. The treatise Ta'anit reports three aggadic…

Levi II

IIIe–IVe siècle

Major Israeli aggadist, disciple of R. Yohanan.

Mar Ukva

IIIe siècle

Exilarch and head of the tribunal, disciple of Samuel; renowned for his charity.

Me'asha

Mésha

Palestinian amora of the third century, active in Lydda, in Judea. Orphaned in infancy, he is raised by his grandfather, the eminent haggadist Joshua ben Levi, who loves to hear him recite the…

Naḥman bar Jacob

Datation incertaine : IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après R. Naḥman bar Jacob, amora babylonien, mort 320 EC ; école de Nehardea attestée.

Babylonian Amora of the third generation, died in 320, disciple of Mar Samuel. Chief judge of the Jews under the Exilarch and head of the school of Nehardea, he transfers his students to Shekantzib…

Nahum ben Simai

Palestinian amora of the third century, son of the tanna Simaï. He was nicknamed "the holiest of men" and "the son of saints", because he had never in his life looked at the portrait appearing on a…

Néhémie de Beth-horon

Amora of the first generation, he lived in the third century in Beth-Horon, a small town northwest of Jerusalem, and was designated by various names according to sources. Held in high esteem as a…

Palṭiya de Naweh

Palṭiya of Naweh is a Palestinian haggadist of the 3rd century, whose teaching is known to us only through a single citation, transmitted by the amora Samuel. He explains there that the biblical…

Raba B. Ada

Babylonian Amora of the third generation, disciple of R. Judah b. Ezekiel at Pumbedita. He transmits sayings of Rab, which he held from his father or from R. Judah, as well as maxims of R. Isaac, but…

Rabbah B. Ḥana

Babylonian amora of the first generation, nephew of R. Ḥiyya and cousin of Abba Arika (Rab). Like him, he traveled to Palestine, where he became one of the eminent disciples of Judah ha-Nassi I, who…

Rabbah B. Ḥiyya de Ctésiphon

Babylonian amora of the second generation. He is said to have performed the ceremony of ḥaliṣa according to a modality that only a tanna deemed licit, against the opinion of the majority, which…

Rabbah B. Naḥman B. Jacob

Babylonian Amora of the third generation, closely linked to Rabba b. Houna, who visited him at his home and consulted him with deference. Their relations deteriorate when Rabba b. Naḥman has trees of…

Rabbah B. Ufran

Babylonian Amora of the third century. He transmits a haggadic aphorism from R. Elazar b. Pedat and proposes a personal haggadic interpretation of Jeremiah xlix, 38; nothing more is known of him.

Rabbah bar Abuha

IIIe siècle

Exilarch and judge at Nehardea/Mahoza; master of Rav Nahman.

Rabbah bar bar Hana

IIIe siècle

Babylonian disciple of R. Yohanan in Israel; famous aggadic stories.

Rabbah bar Nahmani

270–330

"Rabba", head of Pumbedita, dialectician ("okér harim").

Rabbah bar Rav Huna

IIIe–IVe siècle

Head of the academy of Sura, son of Rav Huna; 3rd generation.

Rabbi Assi

300–400

Jewish Talmudist and rabbi

Rabbi Ilai II

300–400

Rabbi Yehouda ha-Nassi

c. 135-217

Patriarch of Judea and editor of the Mishna (c. 200), the first codification of the Oral Law. This monumental work is the foundation of all rabbinic Judaism and the basis of the Talmud. Called simply…

Rabbi Yitzchak (Isaac)

IIIe–IVe siècle

Israeli aggadist frequently cited; 3rd generation.

Rabbi Yohanan

c. 180-279

Greatest Amora of the Land of Israel, head of the academy of Tiberias. Principal editor of the Jerusalem Talmud (Yerushalmi). His teachings and biographical accounts occupy a central place in both…

Rabin B. Adda

Babylonian Amora of the third generation, brother of Rabba b. Adda and disciple of Juda b. Ezekiel of Pumbedita. He transmits traditions of R. Isaac and a decision of Rabbi, but no personal teaching…

Ram B. Ḥama

Babylonian amora of the third generation, disciple of R. Ḥisda and younger fellow disciple of Raba, whose daughter he marries; also associated with R. Naḥman, whom he often sought to refute. Dying…

Rami B. Ezekiel

Babylonian amora of the third generation, younger brother of Juda b. Ezekiel, founder of the academy of Poumbedita, and trained by their common father. Defying his brother's opinion that leaving…

Rami B. Tamre

Babylonian Amora of the third generation, from Pumbedita and probably a disciple of R. Juda. Having gone to Sura on the eve of Kippour, he attracts attention there by conduct deemed inappropriate,…

Rav (Abba Arikha)

c. 175-247

Founder of the academy of Sura in Babylonia, he inaugurated the golden age of Babylonian Judaism. His discussions with Samuel (master of Nehardea) structure the Babylonian Talmud. He is one of the…

Rav Assi

IIIe siècle

Colleague of Rav at Nehardea/Huzal, 1st generation of Babylonian Amoraim.

Rav Chisda

217–309

Babylonian Jewish Talmudist

Rav Giddel

IIIe siècle

Disciple of Rav, transmitted numerous traditions to Sura.

Rav Hamnuna Saba

IIIe siècle

"Hamnuna the Elder", disciple of Rav; also appears in the Zohar.

Rav Huna

212–297

Head of the academy of Sura after Rav; 2nd Babylonian generation.

Rav Kahana II

IIIe siècle

Disciple of Rav; emigrated to Israel where he studied with R. Yohanan.

Rav Karna

IIIe siècle

Babylonian judge (dayan) of the 1st generation, contemporary of Rav and Samuel.

Rav Nachman

300–400

Babylonian rabbi

Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak

280–356

Talmud Rabbi

Rav Papa

300–375

amora of Babylonia

Rav Safra

IIIe–IVe siècle

Pious merchant and scholar who traveled between Israel and Babylonia.

Rav Shela

IIIe siècle

Directed an academy ('sidra') before Rav; sage of the 1st generation.

Rav Sheshet

IIIe siècle

Blind amora, scholar of baraïtot; debated with Rav Nahman.

Rav Yosef bar Hiyya

IIIe–IVe siècle

"Sinai", head of Pumbedita after Rabba; scholar of baraïtot.

Rufina

Jewess from Smyrna who lived around the third century of the common era, known through a Greek inscription where she is designated as chief of the synagogue, a title otherwise unknown borne by a…

Samuel (Mar Shmouel)

c. 165-257

Head of the academy of Nehardea in Babylonia, astronomer and physician. He formulated the principle "Dina de-malkhuta dina" (the law of the land is the law), the legal foundation of Jewish loyalty to…

Samuel B. Ḥiyya

Palestinian amora of the second half of the third century of the common era, of whom no halakhic or aggadic maxim has been preserved: he is known only through the remarks of others that he reports,…

Samuel ben Abba

Palestinian amora of the second half of the third century, student of Johanan without having received ordination. He refused to allow Hela and Jacob to stand in his honor, and was also a student of…

Samuel ben Marta

Palestinian amora of the third century. He explains the double occurrence of the word « michkan » in Exodus by the fact that the sanctuary was twice seized in pledge — an allusion to the two…

Samuel ben Nahman

IIIe–IVe siècle

Major aggadist of the Land of Israel, disciple of R. Yonatan.

Sextus, Julius Africanus

Byzantine chronographer, renowned for his interpretations of biblical questions, active in the first half of the third century, probably of Latin North African origin and son of Christian parents. He…

Sheshet

Babylonian amora of the third generation, colleague of R. Nahman bar Jacob with whom he had frequent discussions of religious law; hearer of the lessons of Rav Houna, he does not seem to have been a…

Shila of Kefar Tamarta

IIIe siècle

Israeli sage cited in the Talmud, from Kefar Tamarta.

Shimon bar Abba

IIIe–IVe siècle

Disciple of R. Yohanan, Israeli halakhist often compared to R. Abba.

Shimon ben Lakish

IIIe siècle

Resh Lakish, dialectical partner of R. Yohanan in Tiberias.

Shimon ben Pazi

IIIe–IVe siècle

Israeli aggadist, transmitted from R. Yehoshua ben Levi.

Siméon B. Abba

Simeon b. Abba is a Palestinian amora of the third generation, disciple of Ḥanina b. Ḥama and of Johanan. Originally from Babylonia but established in Palestine in great poverty, he marries…

Siméon B. Jakim

Simeon b. Jakim, a Palestinian amora of the third generation, is a disciple of R. Yohanan to whom he often addresses learned questions, and a contemporary of R. Eliezer. A renowned teacher, he is…

Siméon B. Laqish

Datation incertaine : IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora palestinien 2e génération, né vers 200, mort vers 275 de l'ère commune.

One of the two greatest Palestinian amoraïm of the second generation, born around 200 and died around 275, also known as Resh Laquich. Established in his youth at Sepphoris, where he studied under R.…

Siméon B. Pazzi

Simeon b. Pazzi, Palestinian amora of the third generation, bears in Palestine the Greek form of his name, « Simon », and his full name in Babylonia; he belongs to the Pazzi family of Tiberias,…

Siméon B. Yannai

Simeon ben Yannaï, Palestinian amora of the 3rd century, transmits a halakhic teaching of his father, which he held from his sister. Several of his agadic explanations of biblical verses are…

Siméon B. Zabdai

Simeon b. Zabdai, Palestinian amora of the 3rd century and master of the son of Assi, explains by several scriptural interpretations passages from Chronicles and Ecclesiastes — thus the postponement…

Simeon ben Jehozadak

IIIe siècle

Israeli sage often cited by R. Yohanan as a source of traditions.

Simlai

IIIe siècle

Aggadist, enumerated the 613 commandments; debated with minim.

Tachlifa of the West

IIIe–IVe siècle

"of the West" (Israel), transmitted baraïtot to Babylonia.

Tanḥum B. Ḥiyya

Palestinian Amora of the third century, originating from Kefar Akko but residing in Tiberias, where he was part of the commission charged with fixing the intercalations of the calendar. Rich and…

Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai

Palestinian Amora of the third century, he transmitted the teachings of Joshua ben Lévi, Yohanan and Bar Kappara, and some of his decisions are attributed by the Babylonian Talmud to older…

Ulla

IIIe siècle

"Nahota", brought the teachings of Israel to Babylonia.

Yannai

Palestinian Amora of the third century, father-in-law of Ammi, Yannaï took part in a controversy over the order of composition of the writings attributed to King Solomon, arguing that the book of…

Yannai ben Ishmael

Palestinian amora of the third century, contemporary of Zeira and Abba bar Kahana, some of whose halakhic decisions and aggadic narratives have been preserved — notably on Adam's encounter with the…

Yiẓḥaḳ bar Naḥman

Palestinian Amora of the third century, friend of Jacob bar Idi, with whom he exercised the office of commissioner for the poor and often debated halakhic questions. He transmitted on two occasions…

Yiẓḥaḳ ben Ḥaḳola

Palestinian Amora of the third century, contemporary of Joshua ben Levi and Yohanan, trained at the school of Eleazar ben Pedat. He transmitted several halakhot in the name of other masters and left…

Yiẓḥaḳ ben Maryon

Palestinian amora of the third century, contemporary of Eleazar ben Pedat, several of whose aggadic maxims have been preserved. He taught that God, proud of his creation, admits no criticism of it,…

Yiẓḥaḳ ben Parnak

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle et le IVe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora palestinien; auteur d'apocryphe; période incertaine, mais cadre amoraïque attesté

Palestinian amora of uncertain period, son of Parnak, to whom is attributed an apocryphal work describing the events surrounding a man's death: the angels of death, of memory and of the guard who…

Yiẓḥaḳ ben Samuel ben Marta

Datation incertaine : entre le IIIe siècle et le IVe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora babylonien 3e-4e siècles explicite; élève de Naḥman, collègues datés (Ze'era, Rami)

Babylonian Amora of the third and fourth centuries, disciple of R. Nahman, to whom he posed questions on sacrifices. He transmitted in the name of Rab teachings on the remittance of letters of…