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Ancient Diaspora101-200 apr. J.-C.

IIth century CE

Révolte de Bar Kokhba et naissance du judaïsme rabbinique

Summary

Rabbi Akiva soutient Bar Kokhba (132-135) contre Hadrien ; la défaite est totale, la Judée rebaptisée Syria Palaestina. Rabbi Judah HaNassi compile la Mishna vers 200.

Notable events

  • c. 120Rabbi Akiva enseigne à Bnei Brak ; développement de l'herméneutique rabbinique.
  • 132-135Révolte de Bar Kokhba contre Hadrien ; lourdes pertes juives.
  • c. 135Exécution des dix martyrs (Akiva, Hanina ben Teradyon…). Judée rebaptisée Syria Palaestina.
  • c. 140Relocation du Sanhédrin à Usha en Galilée ; reconstruction rabbinique.
  • c. 200Rabbi Judah ha-Nassi achève la compilation de la Mishna en Galilée.

The century in narrative

Le IIᵉ siècle de notre ère commence dans l'écho du désastre de 70 et se termine par le monument intellectuel le plus important du judaïsme post-biblique : la Mishna. En moins de cent ans, les Juifs passent d'une nation anéantie politiquement à un peuple reconstitué par le Livre.

La première moitié du siècle est dominée par l'ombre de la révolte de Bar Kokhba. Simon bar Kosiba, chef charismatique de la Judée occupée, prend les armes en 132 contre l'empereur Hadrien. Ce dernier avait interdit la circoncision et projeté de reconstruire Jérusalem comme cité romaine Aelia Capitolina, avec un temple à Jupiter sur l'emplacement du Temple détruit. Rabbi Akiva, le plus grand sage de son temps, proclame Bar Kokhba *« étoile de Jacob »* et, implicitement, Messie. D'autres sages refusent cette acclamation.

La guerre dure trois ans. Les archives du désert de Juda (retrouvées au XXᵉ siècle dans les grottes de Nahal Hever et Wadi Murabba'at) livrent les lettres mêmes de Bar Kokhba, rédigées en hébreu, araméen et grec. Il est intraitable, autoritaire. Il frappe ses propres monnaies marquées « Année un de la rédemption d'Israël ». Il prend brièvement Jérusalem. Mais Hadrien envoie son meilleur général, Sextus Julius Severus, rappelé de Bretagne ; les Romains procèdent par siège méthodique. Betar, la dernière forteresse, tombe le 9 av 135. Dion Cassius parle de 580 000 morts juifs, de 50 forteresses détruites, de 985 villages rasés. La Judée est dévastée. Hadrien rebaptise la province *Syria Palaestina* pour effacer jusqu'au nom d'Israël — premier usage officiel du terme « Palestine ». Les Juifs sont interdits d'entrer à Jérusalem sous peine de mort.

Les dix martyrs incarnent cette tragédie. Rabbi Akiva, interdit d'enseigner la Torah, continue et est arrêté. Les Romains lui lacèrent la chair avec des peignes de fer. Il meurt en prononçant le *Shema Israel* — « Écoute Israël : l'Éternel est notre Dieu, l'Éternel est un » — et, arrivé au mot *ehad* (« un »), il rend son âme. Rabbi Hanina ben Teradyon est brûlé enveloppé dans un rouleau de la Torah, avec de la laine mouillée sur la poitrine pour prolonger l'agonie. Il dit à ses disciples : *« Les parchemins brûlent, mais les lettres s'envolent dans le ciel. »*

La reconstruction commence en Galilée. Le Sanhédrin, institution des sages, est relocalisé à Usha, puis à Shefar'am, Beit She'arim, Sepphoris, Tibériade. Les patriarches — les *Nassi*, descendants de Hillel — reçoivent de Rome le statut officiel de chefs du peuple juif. Rabbi Judah ha-Nassi (135-217), dit simplement *Rabbi*, est le plus grand de cette lignée. Fortuné, ami personnel de l'empereur Antonin (Marc-Aurèle ou Caracalla), il rassemble les traditions orales transmises depuis Hillel, les classe en six ordres, les fixe par écrit. Vers 200, la Mishna est achevée. Elle devient, avec la Torah, le second livre fondateur du judaïsme.

La Mishna code tous les aspects de la vie juive : l'agriculture, les fêtes, le mariage, les tribunaux, le Temple (rituels préservés par mémoire), la pureté rituelle. Elle est en hébreu, concise, parfois énigmatique. Elle devient la matière première de toutes les études juives futures. Ce que le Temple ne pouvait plus enseigner en gestes, la Mishna l'enseigne en mots. Le judaïsme rabbinique est né.

Figures of the century (180)

Abba

Name borne notably by a brother of Rabban Gamaliel — probably Gamaliel II — whose polygamy constitutes the only known case among the authorities of the talmudic era and whose widow married Gamaliel…

Abba bar Abba

200–300

2nd/3rd century Babylonian Jewish Talmudist

Abba Doresh

Datation incertaine : entre le Ier siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Tanna, enseignant mishnaïque, période 1er-2e siècle de l'ère commune.

Tanna whose era cannot be determined, surnamed "the interpreter of Scripture". Two of his interpretations, bearing on verses from Deuteronomy, have been preserved in the Sifre.

Abba Judan

Philanthropist established in Antioch in the first part of the second century. It is reported that he sold half of his possessions, already reduced by his alms, so as not to send away empty-handed…

Abba le Chirurgien

Surgeon cited in the Talmud (Ta'anit 21b) as an example of Jewish piety and benevolence: living from his work, he never accepted direct payment from his patients, but had placed a box at his house…

Abba Saul

IIe siècle

Tanna; minority opinions preserved in the Mishna.

Absalom L'ancien

Tanna whose dates of birth and death are unknown, he is the author of a homiletic interpretation of the verse Exodus xiv, 15, reported in his name in the Mekhilta (Beshallaḥ, 3). In a parallel…

Abubus

Adda B. Ḥunya

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Adda b. Ḥunya ; références R. Akiba, Zerah, Johanan tanaïtes/amoraïm

Amora to whom is attributed a homiletic observation on Ecclesiastes (i, 4): he taught to consider the present generation and its sages as the equals of past generations and sages, without regretting…

Aḥa I

Tanna of the 2nd century, younger contemporary of Simon bar Yoḥaï, with whom he appears in halakhic controversies, he also intervenes in the field of Aggada: commenting on Exodus xiv, 15, he makes…

Ahijah

Head of the Jews of Babylonia in the 2nd century, perhaps Exilarch, he is the principal ally of Hanania, nephew of Joshua ben Hanania, in his attempt to free the intellectual authority of the Jews of…

Alexander D'aphrodisias

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Commentateur grec, fin IIe-début IIIe siècle sous Septime Sévère et Caracalla.

Greek commentator on Aristotle, active at the turn of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, under the reigns of Septimius Severus and Caracalla. Nicknamed "the Exegete" after his native city, Aphrodisias in…

Ananiah B. Judah

Ḥanania ben Juda is a tanna of the 2nd century, contemporary of Akiba, whose name appears only twice in rabbinical literature: once in a halakhic midrash addressed to Akiba, and once in a homiletic…

Antigone

Palestinian teacher of the last tannaitic generation, in the second and third centuries. Only two haggadot and one halakha from him have come down to us, including a parable on the pillar of cloud…

Antonin le Pieux

Roman emperor, born in 86, died in 161, he reigned from 138. His reign came as a blessing for the Jews of Palestine, devastated by the persecutions of Hadrian: as soon as the change of reign…

Antoninus Dans le Talmud

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Empereur romain identifié à plusieurs candidats (Marc-Aurèle, Septime Sévère, etc.), légendes talmudiques du 2e-3e siècle.

Apollinaris Ou Apollinarius, Claudius

Bishop of Hierapolis, in Phrygia, in 170, author of an « Apology of the Christian Faith » addressed to the emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. He also wrote two books « Against the Jews » as well as…

Aquila

Translator of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek, pagan originating from the Pontus, related by marriage to the emperor Hadrian who reportedly charged him, around the year 128, with a task related to…

Aquila of Sinope

IIe siècle

Proselyte; literal Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible.

Aristide Marianus D'athènes

Christian apologist, active around the middle of the 2nd century, described by Jerome as a most eloquent man. His « Apology », addressed to the emperor Hadrian between 123 and 126, remained…

Aristo de Pella

Christian controversialist who wrote against Judaism in the 2nd century (135-170), author of a « Dialogue between Jason and Papiscus » presenting a Christian of Jewish origin and a Jew from…

Artemion

Leader of the Jewish insurrection in Cyprus against Trajan in 117. According to Roman sources, the Jews destroy the capital of the island, Salamis, and kill two hundred and forty thousand Greeks; the…

Bar Kappara

101–300

rabbi

Bar Kokhba (Shimon bar Kosiba)

m. 135

Leader of the last great Jewish revolt against Rome (132-135). Rabbi Akiva recognized him as messiah. His defeat brought about the ban on Jews entering Jerusalem and the renaming of Judea as…

Ben 'azzai

Prominent tanna of the first third of the second century, his full name Simon ben Azaï, he remained throughout his life at the rank of disciple without ever receiving the title of rabbi, in spite of…

Ben Elasah

Wealthy Palestinian notable of the mid-second century, son-in-law of R. Juda ha-Nassi I, he is best known in the Talmud for being the target of the jokes of Bar Ḳappara, and for having paid a barber…

Ben La'anah

Ben Zoma

Tanna of the first third of the 2nd century, his full name Simon ben Zoma, he remained throughout his life at the rank of disciple, like Ben Azaï, with whom he shared the status within the hierarchy…

Benjamin Ha-zạddiḳ

Benjamin ha-Ṣaddik is a philanthropist of the Tannaitic period, in charge of the management of charity funds. According to a baraïta, he one day came to the aid of a widow and her seven children from…

Benjamin, R.

R. Benjamin was a tanna of the second century, contemporary and interlocutor of R. Eléazar ben Shammou'a in a halakhic controversy, also cited alongside Symmachus and transmitting a halakha in the…

Bérouria

Beruria is the daughter of the martyr R. Hanania ben Teradion and the wife of R. Méir, born in the first quarter of the second century and established in Tiberias after the Hadrianic persecutions.…

Brouryah

c. 120-180

Learned woman of the Talmud, wife of Rabbi Meir and daughter of Rabbi Hanina ben Teradion (a Roman martyr). Her halakhic opinions are cited in the Mishna and the Talmud — a unique case for a woman in…

Bruriah

101–200

daughter of Rabbi Haninah Ben Teradion

Caracalla

Datation incertaine : IIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Empereur romain Caracalla 211-217, fils Septime Sévère

Roman Emperor (211-217), son of Septimius Severus. According to an anecdote reported by Spartianus, he supposedly had a Jewish playmate as a child and, having learned that he had been whipped because…

Celse

Greek polemicist writer against Christianity, active in the second century. The first pagan to have attacked the new religion, he attempted in his True Discourse, now lost but known through large…

Dama, Fils de Netina

Non-Israelite from Ashkelon, where he held an elevated position as head of the council, Dama son of Netina is cited by Rabbi Eliezer and other masters as a model of love and filial piety: grossly…

Dosetai

IIe siècle

Tanna; transmitted R. Meir and Jose; traveled to Babylon.

Dosétai Ou Dositheus

Dostai ben Jannai

200–300

Éléazar B. Durdaia

Talmudic penitent given as an example against debauchery and for the value of repentance. After a life of excess, he sought in vain for intercessors among natural elements, understood that his fate…

Éléazar B. Enoch

Learned contemporary of Aḳabia b. Mahalalel and Gamaliel II. According to Juda b. 'Illaï, it was he, not Aḳabia, whom the Sanhedrin excommunicated for contesting the rabbinical rules on the…

Éléazar B. Hisma

Tanna of the second and third generations, in the 2nd century, disciple of Joshua b. Ḥanania and of Gamaliel II. Several halakhot are attributed to him in the Mishna, notably a rule concerning the…

Éléazar B. Mattai

Tanna of the third and fourth generations, in the 2nd century, disciple of R. Tarphon and contemporary of Hanania b. Hakhinaï, Ben Azzaï and Simon of Teman. With Halafta and Hanania, he examined and…

Éléazar ben Hyrcan

One of the most eminent tannaim of the first and second centuries, disciple of Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkaï and brother-in-law of Gamaliel II, whose sister he married. According to legend, it was late,…

Éléazar ben José I

Tanna of the fourth and fifth generations, in the second century, second of the five learned sons of José b. Ḥalafta. He accompanied Simon b. Yoḥaï to Rome to obtain the repeal of the Hadrianic…

Eléazar ben Pedat

200–279

rabbi

Eleazar ben Perata I

IIe siècle

Tanna arrested by Rome with R. Hanina; escaped miraculously.

Éléazar ben Perata Ii

Tanna of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, grandson of Éléazar ben Perata I, whose name is sometimes attached to his. He devoted his studies essentially to Halakha and was a contemporary of Rabbi Juda I.

Eleazar ben Shammua

IIe siècle

Priest, disciple of R. Akiva; renowned master of halakha.

Eleazar ben Simeon

IIe siècle

Son of bar Yochai; tanna and aggadist, stories in the Talmud.

Éléazar ben Simon

Tanna of the 2nd century, son of Siméon b. Yoḥaï, whose retreat into a cave he shared to escape Roman persecutors and devoted himself there to the study of the Torah. Becoming, contrary to his…

Eleazar ha-Kappar

200–200

Early 3rd century Jewish rabbi

Eleazar of Modi'im

IIe siècle

Aggadist; present at Beitar during the Bar Kokhba revolt.

Éliézer B. José Ha-gelili

Tanna of the fourth generation, in the second century, one of the last disciples of Akiba, cultivating both Halakha and Haggada but renowned especially for the latter — it was said that one needed to…

Eliézer B. Taddaï

Eliezer ben Jacob II

IIe siècle

Tanna of the 4th generation, disciple of R. Akiva.

Eliezer ben Jose

200–200

1st-century CE rabbi

Elisha ben Abuyah

IIe siècle

Tanna who became apostate (« Aher »); master of R. Meir.

Éphraïm Maḳsha'ah

Scholar of the 2nd century, disciple of Rabbi Meir, known only by a few homiletical remarks transmitted in the name of his master. One explains the choice of Obadiah to bring to the Edomites the…

Eurydemus ben Jose

Eurydemus ben Yossé was one of the sons of the tanna Yossé ben Ḥalafta. The rare maxims attributed to him are exhortations to charity.

Eutolème

R. Jose cites the testimony of a certain Eutolemus (Eutolemus ben Reuben), who rendered a halakhic decision in the name of five elders; because of his relations with dignitaries of the court, the…

Galien

Greek physician and philosopher born around 131 in Pergamon, Mysia, died around 200. While his philosophy, eclipsed by that of Aristotle, was hardly esteemed by Jewish thinkers — Maimonides…

Gebini B. Ḥarson

Datation incertaine : entre le Ier siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Gebini b. Ḥarson, haggada midrachique rabbinique, amoraïm tannaïm.

Midrashic figure illustrating extreme opulence according to Ecclesiastes iv, 8: without brother or child, heir to an immense fortune accumulated by his father, to whom he could not, however, fully…

Halafta

101–101

Mishnah rabbi

Ḥalafta B. Ḳaruya, Abba

Ḥalafta de Kefar Hananiah, R. Ou Abba

Ḥalafta of Kefar Ḥananiah, or Abba, is a tanna of the second century, disciple of R. Méir, to whom he transmits in his name a legal maxim on the validity of conditions. The Mishna preserves from him…

Hanan , Abba

Abba Ḥanan is a tanna of the 2nd century, younger contemporary of Simon de Chezour, of Josias and of Jonathan, probably a disciple of Eliezer ben Hyrcanos, from whom he transmitted numerous halakhic…

Hanan the Egyptian

IIe siècle

Originally from Alexandria; disciple of R. Akiva debating at Yavne.

HANANIA , Neveu de R. Joshua

Ḥanania, nephew of R. Joshua, is a Tanna of the 2nd century, named after his grandfather and trained by his uncle, from whom he receives his surname. Forced by his uncle to leave Palestine after…

Hanania B. 'aḳabia

Ḥanania (Ḥanina) ben 'Aḳabia is a tanna of the 2nd century, contemporary of Juda ben Ilaï and probably one of the youngest disciples of Gamliel II, whose keenness of mind Rab admired. Residing in…

Hanania B. 'aqashiah

Datation incertaine : entre le Ier siècle et le IIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Tanna, homilie Maccabées, période tannaïte, époque commune.

Ḥanania ben 'Aḳashia is a tanna remembered for a single homiletic remark: the Holy One, blessed be He, is said to have multiplied for Israel the Torah and the commandments in order to increase his…

Hanania B. Ḥakinai

Ḥanania (Ḥanina) ben Ḥakinaï is a tanna of the 2nd century, contemporary of Ben 'Azzaï and Simon the Taymanite, disciple of Ṭarfon and especially of Akiba, whom he followed for twelve or thirteen…

Hanania D'ono

Ḥanania of Ono is a tanna of the second century remembered for an exploit in the service of traditional law: while Akiba awaited in prison his execution under Tyrannus Rufus, a marital question…

Hananiah ben Akavia

IIe siècle

Tanna of the 4th generation; contemporary of Juda bar Ilai.

Ḥanina B. Gamaliel Ii

Ḥanina (Ḥanania) ben Gamliel II is a tanna of the 1st and 2nd centuries, witness and perhaps victim of Roman persecutions at Betar, where only his younger brother Simon ben Gamliel II would have…

Hanina bar Hama

200–250

Babylonian Jewish Talmudist (died c.250)

Hanina ben Antigonus

IIe siècle

Tanna; traditions on the Temple and the priests in the Mishna.

Hanina ben Hakinai

IIe siècle

Disciple of R. Akiva; sometimes counted among the Ten Martyrs.

Hégésippe

Ḥidḳa

Ḥidka is a tanna who lived in the middle of the second century, cited only in the Baraïta. He is best known for the halakha, reported in the Sabbath treatise, fixing at four the number of Sabbath…

Hillel B. Berechiah

Hillel b. Berechia, also known as Alaï or Ilaa b. Berechia, is a Palestinian haggadist cited only once under this name, author of an interpretation otherwise attributed to another sage. He is the…

Hoshaiah Rabbah, Roba, Berabbi Ou Beribbi

Palestinian amora of the first generation, around 200 of the Common Era, compiler of baraïtot explaining the Mishna-Tossefta. He led for many years the yeshiva of Sepphoris, where disciples flocked,…

Ise ben Judah

Palestinian Tanna of the 2nd century, contemporary of Simeon bar Yoḥaï and R. Meir, whom Bacher believes he can identify as Yossé the Babylonian. He held his colleagues in high esteem and taught that…

Ishmael B. Johanan B. Baroḳa

Tanna of the 2nd century (fourth generation of the Tannaim), contemporary of Simon ben Gamliel II, with whom he is often cited in agreement or disagreement; he once opposed his own father, Johanan…

Ishmael B. Jose B. Halafta

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Ismaël ben Joçé, tannaïte début IIIe siècle, guerres Sévère-Niger 193

Tanna of the early 3rd century, who served as a Roman official alongside Eliezer ben Simon and helped suppress bands of Jewish brigands formed during the war between Severus and Pescennius Niger…

Ishmael ben Jose

IIe siècle

Son of Jose ben Halafta; transmitted his teachings to Rabbi.

Ismaël B. Élisha

Tanna of the end of the 1st and beginning of the 2nd century, descendant of a wealthy priestly family of Upper Galilee and doubtless grandson of the high priest of the same name, Ismaël ben Élisha…

Issi ben Judah

101–1000

2nd and 3rd-century Middle Eastern rabbi

Jacob de Kefar Ḥiṭṭaya

Palestinian scholar of the second century, contemporary of Judah I, Jacob of Kefar Ḥiṭṭaya is said to have had the habit of visiting his master every day. According to Heilprin, he would have been a…

Jérémie ben Eléazar

Johanan B. Ha-nazuf

Johanan b. ha-Nazuf ("the excommunicated") was a contemporary and friend of Gamaliel II in the first and second centuries. One day, Halafta found him in the company of the patriarch at his home in…

Johanan B. Nuri

Johanan b. Nouri was a tanna of the first and second centuries, younger than Gamaliel II and senior to Akiba. A great decisioner known for the richness of his learning—some forty halakhot are…

Johanan ben Baroka

IIe siècle

Disciple of Joshua b. Hananiah; rulings in the Mishna.

Johanan ben Torta

IIe siècle

Tanna; reprimanded R. Akiva for seeing Bar Kokhba as the Messiah.

Johanan Ha-sandalar

Johanan ha-Sandalar was a tanna of the second century, disciple of Akiba who survived the Hadrianic persecutions and transmitted traditional law; his nickname suggests he was originally from…

Jonathan B. Amram

Jonathan (Nathan) b. Amram was a semi-tanna of the second and third centuries, disciple of Judah I and elder of Yannaï, who consulted him on ritual questions. Loath to make his learning a means of…

Jose , Abba, ben Dositai

Abba José ben Dossaï was a Palestinian tanna of the second century, both a halakhist and an agadist; he transmitted a halakha from R. José the Galilean. His agadot, mostly transmitted by Rabbi (Juda…

José ben Aḳabya

Datation incertaine : IIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Tanna du début du troisième siècle; titre tannaïte fixe la période.

Issi (José) ben Aqabya, a tanna of the early third century, was, according to Bacher, the brother of Hanania ben Aqabya, interpreter of R. Judah. An assiduous student of the Bible, several of his…

Jose ben Halafta

101–160

2nd century Talmud rabbi and tanna

Jose ben Judah

200–200

Late 2nd century Judean rabbi

Jose ben Zimra

IIe–IIIe siècle

Transitional sage tanna-amora; father-in-law of son of Rabbi.

Jose Ha-kohen

José ha-Cohen, called « the pious », was a tanna of the second generation, in the first and second centuries, disciple of Johanan ben Zakkaï. He placed friendship above all worldly goods, according…

Joseph B. Ḳisma

Joseph (José) b. Qisma, a tanna of the first and second centuries, was the elder and contemporary of Hanania b. Teradion. He placed the company of the wise above gold, refusing the offer of a rich…

Joshua ben Karha

IIe siècle

Tanna; halakhic and aggadic teachings in the Mishna.

Josiah

Tanna of the 2nd century, the most eminent disciple of R. Ishmael, about whom no mention is made in the Mishna—perhaps because he lived in the south of the country, far from Tiberias and Beth-Shearim…

Juda ben Ilai

One of the most important tannaim of the 2nd century, born in Usha, in Galilee, trained by his father, by Akiba and by Tarfon, whose student he was so close that he rendered him domestic services;…

Judah B. Baba

Tanna of the 2nd century, martyred at seventy years of age during the persecutions of Hadrian, who punished with death anyone who ordained a rabbi. He nevertheless gathered five disciples in a defile…

Judah bar Ilai

IIe siècle

Most cited Tanna in the Mishna; disciple of R. Akiva.

Judah ben Bava

IIe siècle

Martyr; ordained rabbis despite the Roman interdiction (Hadrian's law).

Judah ben Dama

IIe siècle

Tanna of the early 2nd c.; counted among the Ten Martyrs.

Judah ben Laḳish

Tanna of the 2nd century whose name appears only in the Tosefta and the Mekhilta. He is credited with the halakha that a corpse may be transported on the Sabbath to protect it from fire, as well as a…

Judah haNasi

IIe–IIIe siècle

Nassi; edited and closed the Mishna around 200.

Justin le Martyr

Datation incertaine : IIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Né vers 100, exécuté vers 165 : figure du 2e siècle de l'ère commune.

Father of the Church born around the year 100 in Flavia Neapolis — ancient Sichem, today Nablus — and executed around 165, of pagan parents, converted to Christianity under Hadrian, perhaps in…

Levi ben Sisi

101–300

Late 2nd/early 3rd century Jewish scholar

Lucuas

Leader of the revolt of the Jews of Cyrene against Rome, at the end of the reign of emperor Trajan, in 116 ; he is named Lucuas by Eusebius and Andreias by Dio Cassius, who seem to describe different…

Matteya ben Heresh

101–200

Israeli religious and scholar

Mattithiah B. Heresh

Roman Tanna of the second century, born in Judea, probably a disciple of R. Ishmael and friend of his fellow students R. Josiah and R. Jonathan. After his ordination, he goes to Rome — undoubtedly to…

Mattityahou ha-Cohen (Mattathias) et ses fils, dont Yehouda ha-Maccabi (Judas Maccabée) et Chimon (Simon)

IIᵉ siècle avant l'ère commune (révolte à partir de -167)

The priest Mattityahou of Modiin triggered in -167 the revolt against the decrees of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. His son Yehouda ha-Maccabi led the reconquest and purified the Temple (origin of Hanukkah,…

Meïr

Tanna of the 2nd century, born in Asia Minor, one of the most eminent masters of his time, of uncertain origin — a legend says he was descended from Nero converted to Judaism. Educated first under…

Nathan the Babylonian

IIe siècle

Av Beit Din; the Avot de-Rabbi Nathan are attributed to him.

Œnomaus de Gadara

Pagan philosopher of the school of Young Cynics, active during the reign of the emperor Hadrian (117-138). Author of a work violently combating the system of oracles, he is identified by several…

Origène

Origen, called Adamantius, is a Christian theologian born in Alexandria around 185 and died in Tyre around 254, trained in the Bible by his father and in philosophy by the Neoplatonist Ammonius…

Origène

Datation incertaine : IIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Origène, théologien chrétien, né ~185, mort ~254 en ère commune.

Theologian born in Alexandria around 185, died in Tyre around 254. Trained in the Bible by his father and in philosophy by the Neoplatonist Ammonius Saccas, he became an influential teacher and…

Pappos B. Judah

Haggadist of the first half of the second century, companion and fellow prisoner of Akiba. During the persecutions of Hadrian forbidding the study of the Torah, he warns Akiba, who continues…

Pappus

Leader of a revolt under the Emperor Hadrian (117-138), always mentioned alongside Luliani, probably his brother; both natives of Alexandria but settled in Palestine. Made prisoners at Laodicea, they…

Pereda

Palestinian amora of the second generation, probably a disciple of R. Ammi, to whom he addressed a halakhic question. Answering one day his students announcing the visit of a descendant of Elazar ben…

Phinéhas ben Jair

Phinehas ben Jair is a tanna of the fourth generation, active in the second half of the 2nd century, probably at Lydda; son-in-law of Simeon ben Yoḥaï and fellow disciple of Judah I. Renowned for his…

Pinchas ben Yair

IIe siècle

Pious sage; baraita on degrees of holiness; son-in-law of bar Yochai.

Platon de Rome

Plato of Rome is a scholar of the 2nd century, probable contemporary of Todos (Theodore) the Roman, who like him sought to inspire resignation and fortitude in his persecuted coreligionists. He…

Quietus, Lusius

Roman general and governor of Judea in 117 of the common era, a Moorish prince of origin whose military qualities earned him the favor of Trajan, who even designated him as his successor. During the…

Rabbi Akiva

c. 50-135

One of the greatest masters of the Talmud, he systematized the interpretation of the Torah and supported the Bar Kokhba revolt. Martyred by the Romans, he died reciting the Shema. His hermeneutic…

Rabbi Bana'ah

IIe–IIIe siècle

Transitional aggadist; marked the tombs; master of R. Yohanan.

Rabbi Hiyya

IIe–IIIe siècle

Disciple of Rabbi; compiled the baraitot (Tosefta); came from Babylon.

Rabbi Ilai I

101–200

2nd-century Jewish Tanna sage/teacher

Rabbi Jonathan

IIe siècle

Disciple of R. Ishmael; exegetical debates with R. Josiah.

Rabbi Josiah

IIe siècle

Disciple of R. Ishmael; halakhic exegesis often against Jonathan.

Rabbi Meïr

c. 110-175

Disciple of Rabbi Akiva and master of the Mishna. Husband of Bruriah, one of the rare learned women of the Talmud. His teachings constitute an essential part of the Mishna, and anonymous mishnaiot…

Rabbi Nehemiah

IIe siècle

Disciple of R. Akiva; attributed to the Tosefta.

Rabbi Yannai

IIe–IIIe siècle

Transitional sage tanna-amora; founded an academy at Akbara.

Rav

160–247

3rd-century Babylonian rabbi

Reuben ben Strobilus

Jew of the 2nd century, learned scholar and actor in the affairs of his time, active during the reign of Hadrian, when the government forbade the observance of the Sabbath, circumcision, and the use…

Rufus, Tineius

Governor of Judea in the first century of the common era, in office at the outbreak of the Bar Kokhba revolt, in which he took an active part in its suppression without succeeding in putting an end…

Samuel le Petit

Tanna of the second generation, active at the beginning of the second century of the common era, nicknamed "ha-Qaton" (the small) because, according to some, of his extreme modesty. Renowned for his…

Samuel of Nehardea

IIe–IIIe siècle

Head of the academy of Nehardea; authority in civil law ('halakha as Samuel').

Samuel Yarḥina'ah

Datation incertaine : IIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora babylonien première génération, né ~165, mort ~257.

Babylonian amora of the first generation, son of Abba b. Abba, at once master of the Law, judge, physician, and astronomer, born around 165 in Nehardea, in Babylonia, and died in that same city…

Sévère, Julius

Roman general, consul in 127, who afterwards held several provincial offices as legate of Dacia, Moesia, and, according to an inscription, Britain. Sent from Britain to Judea to suppress the Bar…

Severus, Lucius Septimius

Roman Emperor from 193 to 211, who first had to defeat his rival Pescennius Niger, supported by the Greeks, Syrians and Samaritans of Palestine; victorious, he deprived Neapolis (Shechem) of its…

Shela

Babylonian master of the late Tannaitic period and the beginning of the Amoraic period, head of the school of Nehardea. When Abba Arikha (Rav) went to Babylonia, he served for a time as an amora…

Shimon ben Halafta

IIe siècle

Aggadist; contemporary and friend of Juda haNassi.

Shimon ben Judah HaNasi

IIe–IIIe siècle

Son of Juda haNassi; colleague of Bar Kappara.

Siméon

Simeon, son of Gamaliel II, is a tanna of the third generation and president of the Great Sanhedrin. A young man at Betar during the Bar Kokhba war, he escapes the massacre when the Romans take the…

Siméon B. 'aḳashyah

Simeon ben 'Aḳashya, tanna of the second generation, is known only by a single agadic saying preserved: commenting on Job, he teaches that uncultured and uneducated people lose intelligence with age,…

Simeon B. Absalom

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amoraïm palestinien, période tannaïte tardive ou amoraïte précoce.

Simon b. Absalom is an amora whose period of activity remains unknown. Only two of his aggadic sayings have been preserved: one explains that Deborah sat under a palm tree rather than in her house in…

Siméon B. Ḥalafta

Simeon b. Ḥalafta, master of the transitional period between tannaim and amoraim, lived at 'En-Tina, near Sepphoris, in great poverty which was often relieved by his teacher the patriarch R. Judah I,…

Siméon B. José B. Leḳonya

Simeon b. Jose b. Leqonya, a tanna of the fourth generation and contemporary of R. Judah ha-Nassi I, is the brother-in-law of Elazar b. Simon, whose son he instructed in the Torah. Few of his…

Siméon B. Ṭarfon

Simeon b. Tarfon, tanna of the second generation, left us four exegetical sentences: on the oath (Exodus xxii. 11), on the prohibition of favoritism to adultery (Exodus xx. 10), on a term of…

Simeon ben Azzai

101–200

2nd century tanna

Simeon ben Eleazar

IIe siècle

Disciple of R. Meir; ethical maxims in the Tosefta.

Siméon ben Ha-segan

Simeon ben ha-Segan, tanna of the second generation, is the author of several halakhic sentences preserved in the Mishnah, all transmitted by Simeon ben Gamliel. He might be identical to Simeon ben…

Siméon ben Judah Ha-nasi I

Simeon ben Judah ha-Nassi, master of the transition period between tannaim and amoraim, is the younger son of Judah ha-Nassi; more learned than his brother Gamaliel, he was nonetheless destined by…

Simeon ben Menasya

101–1000

Late 2nd/early 3rd century Judean rabbi

Siméon ben Nanos

Simeon ben Nanos, tanna of the second generation and contemporary of R. Ishmael and R. Akiba, with whom he had many halakhic discussions, is often simply designated by « Ben Nanos ». Reputed for his…

Siméon ben Yoḥai

Simeon ben Yoḥaï, disciple of Akiba, is a tanna of the second century to whom tradition attributes the Zohar; born in Galilee, he died, according to tradition, at Meron, on 18 Iyar (Lag ba-Omer).…

Simeon ben Zoma

IIe siècle

Master exegete died young; mystical speculation (Maassé Beréchit).

Siméon de Shiḳmona

Simeon of Chiqmona, tanna of the second generation and disciple of Akiba, is from Chiqmona, a locality near Mount Carmel. Only three of his exegetical sentences, transmitted by his fellow disciple R.…

Siméon de Teman

Simeon of Teiman, tanna of the second generation, discusses with R. Akiba a halakhic sentence deduced from Exodus (xxi. 18) and maintains relations of collegiality with R. Juda b. Bava. Several of…

Simeon Shezuri

IIe siècle

Disciple of R. Tarfon; rulings on the get and tithes.

Symmachus

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Symmachus traducteur, fin IIe ou début IIIe siècle common era.

Translator of the Bible into Greek, active at the turn of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Common Era. According to Eusebius and Jerome, he was an Ebionite, thus Christian; according to Epiphanius, a…

Symmachus ben Joseph

IIe siècle

Disciple of R. Meir; rule of divisions in doubt ('half').

Ṭabi

Tanḥuma B. Skolastiḳai

Ṭarfon

Tanna of the third generation, of priestly lineage, active between the destruction of the Temple and the fall of Betar. Renowned for his filial piety and generosity — he returned to the father the…

Théodotion

Trajan

Roman Emperor from 98 to 117, whose reign profoundly marked the History of the Jews of Babylon, Palestine, and the Hellenistic diaspora. While he warred against the Parthians at the eastern frontiers…

Yadua the Babylonian

101–300

2nd-century Tanna

Yannai

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora palestinien première génération; 2e-3e siècles indiqués dans la notice.

Palestinian amora of the second and third centuries, surnamed Yannai Rabbah ("the Great") and linked by his genealogy to Eli. Very wealthy—he is said to have planted four hundred vineyards and given…

Yiẓḥaḳ de Carthage

Datation incertaine : entre le Ier siècle et le IIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Amora mentionné en Talmud de Babylone; Ber. 29a et Yer. références tannaïtes/amoraïques

Yochanan ben Nuri

IIe siècle

Tanna of Yavne; frequent opponent of R. Akiva in halakha.

Yose ben Yoezer de Tzereda

1re moitié du IIe s. av. n.è.

With Yose ben Yohanan of Jerusalem, he forms the first of the « pairs » (zougot) of sages, both disciples of Antigone of Sokho. Yose ben Yoezer was nassi (president) of the Sanhedrin. His maxim…

Zakkai