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Zakhor
Second Temple1-100 apr. J.-C.

Ith century CE

Destruction du Second Temple

Summary

Philon d'Alexandrie rédige son œuvre philosophique. En 66, la Grande Révolte juive éclate ; en 70, Titus détruit le Temple. Flavius Josèphe en fait le récit. Yohanan ben Zakkaï fonde Yavné.

Notable events

  • c. 20-50Philon d'Alexandrie écrit ses commentaires allégoriques de la Torah en grec.
  • 30Crucifixion de Yeshua de Nazareth sous Ponce Pilate.
  • 66Déclenchement de la Grande Révolte juive ; massacre de la garnison romaine à Jérusalem.
  • 68Fuite de Yohanan ben Zakkaï ; ouverture de l'académie de Yavné avec l'accord de Vespasien.
  • 70Titus prend Jérusalem et détruit le Second Temple (9 av, jeûne institué).
  • 73Chute de Massada ; suicide collectif des dernières forces juives.
  • c. 75-100Flavius Josèphe compose La Guerre des Juifs et les Antiquités judaïques.

The century in narrative

Le Ier siècle de notre ère est celui de la rupture — et, en même temps, celui de la refondation. La destruction du Second Temple en 70 est l'événement le plus traumatique de l'histoire juive antique. Et pourtant, dans le même siècle, un petit groupe de sages va inventer un judaïsme sans Temple qui tiendra deux mille ans — et un petit groupe de Galiléens va inventer une religion qui conquerra le monde.

Le siècle s'ouvre sur la domination romaine, désormais directe par des préfets puis des procurateurs. La Judée chauffe : révoltes messianiques, groupes armés (*zélotes*, *sicaires*), tensions sociales entre prêtres fortunés et populace urbaine. À Alexandrie, Philon le Juif (c. 20 av.-50 apr.) concilie la Torah et la philosophie platonicienne dans des commentaires allégoriques : il est le premier grand philosophe juif de l'histoire, inventeur de concepts qui façonneront toute la théologie chrétienne et médiévale (le Logos, l'âme tripartite, la création par la parole).

En Galilée, vers les années 20-30, prêche Yeshua de Nazareth. Juif observant, probablement proche des courants pharisiens les plus mystiques, il rassemble douze disciples, annonce le Royaume de Dieu, guérit, enseigne. Condamné sous Ponce Pilate en 30 ou 33, crucifié à Jérusalem à la veille de Pessah. Ses disciples — Pierre, Jacques, Jean — demeurent juifs ; ils prient au Temple et observent la Loi. Paul de Tarse (c. 5-67), pharisien convaincu, vit une expérience de conversion et entreprend de porter le message de Yeshua aux non-Juifs. Le christianisme, d'abord simple secte juive, devient mouvement universaliste distinct. Il quittera définitivement le judaïsme après la destruction du Temple.

La Grande Révolte éclate en 66. Le procurateur Florus, d'une brutalité exceptionnelle, prélève d'autorité dix-sept talents du trésor du Temple. L'émeute devient guerre. Les sicaires prennent Massada ; l'aristocratie sacerdotale est massacrée ; la garnison romaine de Jérusalem est exterminée. Néron envoie Vespasien avec trois légions. Vespasien conquiert méthodiquement la Galilée. Devenu empereur en 69, il confie la suite à son fils Titus.

Pendant le siège, un sage pharisien, Yohanan ben Zakkaï, disciple de Hillel, comprend que la guerre est perdue. Il se fait transporter hors de Jérusalem dans un cercueil (on ne pouvait sortir que des morts). Devant Vespasien, il demande une seule chose : « Laisse-moi Yavné et ses sages. » Accord obtenu. Yohanan fonde à Yavné, sur la côte, une petite académie — refuge des Pharisiens survivants. C'est là que le judaïsme rabbinique naîtra.

Le 9 av de l'an 70 (le jour même, dit la tradition, où avait brûlé le Premier Temple en 586), Titus prend Jérusalem. Le Temple est incendié ; le Saint des Saints réduit en cendres ; la menorah emportée à Rome où elle figurera sur l'arc de Titus. Un million de Juifs seraient morts, selon Flavius Josèphe — lui-même général juif rallié à Rome, puis chroniqueur de la guerre. Ses écrits (*La Guerre des Juifs*, *Antiquités judaïques*) restent la source principale pour cette période.

En 73, Massada tombe. Les 960 derniers défenseurs se suicident plutôt que de tomber vivants aux mains des Romains. La résistance armée juive est brisée. Mais à Yavné, les Sages lisent la Torah, codifient la Mishna en gestation, établissent le calendrier, fixent la liturgie (la prière des Dix-Huit Bénédictions, l'Amida). Le judaïsme cesse d'être centré sur le Temple ; il devient centré sur l'étude. Ce pivot — de la pierre au livre — est la plus grande reconversion spirituelle de l'Antiquité.

Figures of the century (193)

Abba Hilkiah

Ier siècle av. J.-C.

Grandson of Honi, pious laborer whose prayers brought rain.

Abba Jose ben Hanan

Ier–IIe siècle

Tanna; halakhic traditions on the gates and rites of the Temple.

Abba Saul ben Batnit

Ier siècle

Grocer of Jerusalem, model of honesty; criticized the high priests.

Abdallah ibn Saura

Rabbi of the Banu Tha'laba ibn Fityaun, presented by Muslim traditionists as one of the most learned rabbis of Medina and an opponent of Muhammad, brought forward by his coreligionists during…

Admon

Ier siècle

Civil judge of Jerusalem cited in Mishna Ketubot for his rulings.

Admon B. Gaddai

One of the three judges of the Jerusalem police court mentioned in the Talmud, with Ḥanan b. Abishalom and Nahum the Mede — among nearly four hundred judges of this type, of which only the most…

Agabus

Jew of Jerusalem, one of the prophets who came to Antioch after the dispersion of the first disciples of Jesus, he predicted by the Spirit the great famine that struck Judea under Claudius — the one…

Agrippa II

27–100

king of Chalcis

Agrippa, Caius Julius

Mentioned as procurator of the Roman province of Asia in an inscription from Ephesus, he was probably a descendant of the royal house of Herod: his father, King Alexander, would be the same Alexander…

Agrippa, Simonides

Younger son of the historian Flavius Josephus, born around the year 82 from his second wife, a Jewess from a distinguished family from the island of Crete.

Agrippina

Daughter of Germanicus and wife of the Emperor Claude, she sometimes took an interest in the internal affairs of Judea: at the urgent entreaty of Agrippa II, she obtained from the Emperor the removal…

Akabia ben Mahalalel

Ier siècle

Uncompromising Tanna regarding his traditions; aphorisms in Pirké Avot.

Albinus

Roman procurator of Judea from 61 to 64, he was received on his arrival by a delegation of Jews demanding the punishment of high priest Ananias, whom he deposed three months later. If he repressed…

Alexander le Zélote

One of the leaders of the political party of the zealots, around the year 50 of the common era. At the head, with his companion Elazar, of an armed band of Jews, he fell upon the city of Samaria and…

Alexander, le Faux

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Date explicite : vers 4 av. J.-C., donc début de l'ère commune, période hérodienne.

Pretender to the throne of Judea, a young Jew from Sidon who passed himself off, around 4 BCE, as Alexander, son of Herod and Mariamne, supposedly spared by the executioners charged with executing…

Alityre

Actor of Jewish origin at the court of Nero. It was through his intervention that Josephus became connected with the empress Poppaea, of whom he was the favorite, and obtained the pardon of the…

Anan, Fils D'anan

Born around the beginning of the common era, he is appointed high priest by Agrippa II in the year 62, but exercises for only three months: president of the Sanhedrin, he takes advantage of a vacancy…

Anan, Fils D'ananias, le Grand Prêtre

Strategos, or governor of the Temple of Jerusalem, sent to Rome in 52 by Ummidius Quadratus, governor of Syria, to answer before the emperor Claude for troubles arising from the conflict between…

Ananias D'adiabène

Jewish merchant, probably of Hellenic origin, active at the beginning of the Common Era at the court of Abennerig, king of Charax-Spasini. Zealous propagandist of Judaism, he converts several…

Ananias de Zébédée

50–50

1st century AD High Priest of Israel

Ananias, Fils de Nébédée

High priest appointed by Herod of Chalcis, in office from approximately 47 to 59, then deposed by Agrippa II. In 52, the governor of Syria Ummidius Quadratus sends him to Rome to answer to Emperor…

Ananias, Fils de Zadok

One of the high-ranking deputies sent in the year 66, in the name of Simon ben Gamaliel and the notables of Jerusalem, to reprimand Josephus, then charged with the defense of Galilee and suspected of…

Ananus ben Ananus (Hanan ben Hanan)

m. 68 apr. J.-C.

Son of Hanan ben Seth, high priest in the 1st century. According to Flavius Josephus (Jewish Antiquities), he had James, « brother of Jesus » (James the Just) stoned. A leading figure at the…

André

Annas

Jewish high priest, son of Sethi, appointed to this office by Quirinius, governor of Syria, in succession to Joazar. He holds the position from 6 to 15, before being deposed by the procurator…

Annius Rufus

Antiochus Xii., Dionysus

King of Syria, younger son of Grypos, the last Seleucid to come into contact with the Jews. During a campaign against Arétas, king of the Arabs, he attempts to cross Judea despite the refusal of…

Antipas

Seventh and, at his father's death, youngest son of Herod the Great, born of his Samaritan wife Malthacé before 20 B.C., died in exile around the year 39. Educated in Rome, he traveled extensively,…

Apelles D'ascalon

Counselor and companion of the emperor Caligula (37-41), he first led a life of debauchery before becoming a tragic actor. Animated by a profound hatred of Jews, which he communicated to the emperor…

Apion

Greek grammarian and sophist of Alexandria, known for his fierce hatred of the Jews, born in the Great Oasis of Egypt between 20 and 30 BCE, died probably in Rome between 45 and 48. Raised in the…

Apollonius de Tyane

Pythagorean philosopher and necromancer, born around the year 3 B.C., died, according to some sources, in his thirty-eighth year. Cited in Arab literature under the name of Balinas, he is credited…

Apollos

Learned Jew of Alexandria, collaborator of Paul. According to the Acts of the Apostles, he arrives around the year 56 in Ephesus, « eloquent and mighty in the Scriptures », to preach in the…

Apostomus

Figure cited in the Mishna (Ta'anit iv. 6) concerning the burning of the Torah, one of five catastrophes linked to the 17th of Tammuz — mention so vague that his identity remains debated. He is…

Arétas Iv

Nabataean king, he reigned from 9 BCE to the year 40 of the Common Era, bearing the title « Aretas, King of the Nabataeans, Friend of His People ». The most powerful neighbor of Judaea, he shaped the…

Aristobulus

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle — Aristobulus frère Agrippa I, première moitié Ier siècle

Younger brother of Agrippa I, son of Aristobulus, himself son of Herod, active in the first half of the 1st century. Left orphaned in infancy with his two brothers at the execution of their father,…

Auguste

First Roman emperor to bear the honorary title of « Augustus », born on September 23, 63 B.C., died at Nola, in Campania, on August 19, 14 A.D., son of Caius Octavius. In his attitude toward the…

Bar Giora, Simon

Jewish leader of the revolt against Rome, born around the year 50 in Gerasa, son of a proselyte, he distinguished himself by his strength and courage: after the flight of Cestius, he devastated…

Bar Jésus

Jewish magician mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, « sorcerer and false prophet » also surnamed « Elymas », who was in Cyprus in the entourage of the Roman proconsul Sergius Paulus when Paul and…

Barabbas

Prisoner released by the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate at the request of the people, according to the custom of freeing one condemned prisoner on the eve of Passover; the Gospels diverge on the…

Barnabas, Joses

Apostle of the tribe of Levi, originally from Cyprus, whose Aramaic name « Bar Naḥamah » (son of consolation) was Hellenized into Barnabas. An older companion of Paul, he sold his possessions for the…

Bartholomew

One of the apostles, mentioned in the synoptic Gospels and the Acts, whom some authors identify, without sufficient proof, with Nathanael of the Gospel of John. Eusebius reports that he preached the…

Bassus, Lucilius

Roman governor of Judea after the capture of Jerusalem by Titus in 70, having been prefect of the fleet of Ravenna and then delivered that fleet to Vespasian by betraying Vitellius. Entrusted by…

Ben Bag-bag

Datation incertaine : entre le Ier siècle et le IIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Tanna ancien, disciple de Hillel, époque tannaïtique du Ier siècle.

Early Tanna, cited at the end of the treatise Avot with Ben Hê-Hê, of whom he might only be another name — both perhaps being one and the same proselyte, disciple of Hillel, to whom the latter…

Ben-baṭiaḥ

Bérénice

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Fille de Costobar, épouse d'Aristobulus, période hérodienne datée (6 av. J.-C.).

Berenice is the daughter of Costobar and Salome, sister of Herod I. Her unhappy marriage to her cousin Aristobulus, who reproached her for her humble birth, ended with his assassination shortly after…

Béturia, Paulina

Béturia Paulina, known as « Sarah », was a Roman proselyte converted to Judaism around the year fifty, died at eighty-six years and six months according to her Latin epitaph. For sixteen years, she…

Caïphas Ou Caïphas, Joseph

Caiaphas is the son-in-law of the high priest Annas, whose office he assumed by appointment of Valerius Gratus, around 18-36, longer than several of his predecessors. Caiaphas appears in the accounts…

Caligula

Caligula was the third emperor of Rome, born on August 31, 12 and assassinated in Rome on January 24, 41. Friend of the Jewish king Agrippa, said to have influenced his reign toward the worse, he…

Chares

Leader of the Zealots during the Judeo-Roman War, one of the most eminent men of Gamala. When the men of Bathyra, called "the Babylonians," supporters of Agrippa and the party of peace, found…

Chéremon

Stoic philosopher and anti-Jewish writer, Egyptian priest, tutor of Nero and librarian of Alexandria, active around the middle of the first century. Younger contemporary of Josephus, who refuted his…

Chidka

100–200

Chypre

Cypros is the wife of King Agrippa I, daughter of Phasaël and Salampsio, and granddaughter of Herod I. She gives him three daughters, Berenice, Mariamne and Drusilla, and two sons, Agrippa and…

Claudius

Roman Emperor from 41 to 54, second son of Drusus and brother of Emperor Tiberius, of frail constitution and despised by all; he was finally poisoned by his wife Agrippina to ensure the succession of…

Coponius

First procurator of Judea, around the year 6 of the Christian era, of equestrian rank like his successors and invested with the power of life and death. Under his administration erupted the revolt of…

Crispus

Chief of the synagogue of Corinth, who became Christian with his entire household through Paul's preaching. In a letter to the Church of Corinth, Paul counts him among those he himself baptized;…

Demetrius

Son-in-law of King Agrippa I, Demetrius marries Mariamne II, daughter of Agrippa I and sister of Agrippa II, after she has repudiated Archelaus, son of Chelcias; among the first Jews of Alexandria by…

Domitien

Roman emperor from 81 to 96, born in 51 and assassinated in 96, Domitian, at the center of the Flavian party when his father Vespasian was proclaimed emperor in 69, succeeded his brother Titus and…

Dorothée

Son of Nathanael, Dorothea was part of the embassy sent by the Jews to Rome in 45 of the Common Era, which obtained from the emperor Claude that the vestment of the high priest remain in the hands of…

Dosa

Dosa ben Harkinas

Ier–IIe siècle

Tanna of advanced age, halakhic authority consulted after Yavne.

Dosithée

Presumed founder of the Samaritan sect of the Dositheans, probably in the 1st century, Dosithaeus is said to have been the first to reject the Prophets, a heresy which, according to Pseudo-Tertullian…

Drusilla

Daughter of Agrippa I and Cypros, born in 38, Drusilla was only six years old when her father died in 44, the year when Roman soldiers, celebrating this death, carried her portrait through houses of…

Éléazar B. Dinai

Leader of the Zealots active between 35 and 60 of the Christian era. After border disputes between the Jews of Perea and the pagan population of Philadelphia, the procurator Fadus had one of the…

Éléazar B. Jaïr

Chief of the Sicarii, descendant of Judah, founder of the party of the Zealots, who withdrew to Masada with his followers after their expulsion from Jerusalem around the year 70. Besieged by the…

Eleazar bar Zadok

Ier–IIe siècle

Son of R. Zadok; testimonies on Jerusalem before the destruction.

Éléazar ben 'arak

Tanna of the second generation, in the first century, first of the disciples of Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai, who nicknamed him « flowing fountain » and judged his wisdom superior to that of all other…

Eleazar ben Arach

Ier siècle

Disciple of Yohanan b. Zakkai, praised as « overflowing source ».

Eleazar ben Azariah

100–200

1st-century CE Jewish rabbi and Tannaim sage

Eleazar ben Judah of Bartota

Ier–IIe siècle

Disciple of Joshua b. Hananiah, renowned for his extreme charity.

Eleazar Chisma

100–200

Éliézer B. Zadok

Eliezer ben Hurcanus

Ier–IIe siècle

Major disciple of Yohanan b. Zakkai, called « the Great »; excommunicated.

Eliezer ben Jacob I

Ier siècle

Tanna, mishnaic source on the structure of the Temple (« clear mishna »).

Elionée ben Canthara

100

religious figure

Étienne

Hellenized Jew converted to Christianity, martyred according to tradition in Jerusalem on December 26 of the year 29 of the Christian era. Considered one of the seven deacons charged with…

Évaristus

Evariste was the fifth pope, consecrated around the year 100 and died around 109. According to the breviary of Pope Pius V, he would have been Jewish, son of a resident of Bethlehem, and thus a…

Fadus Cuspius

Fadus Cuspius was procurator of Judea after the death of Agrippa I, appointed by the emperor Claudius in 44 of the Christian era. He restored order between Perea and Philadelphia, but provoked the…

Félix

Freedman of the empress Antonia, Felix administers Samaria, then is appointed sole procurator of Judea by Claudius, in 52 CE, before being recalled by Nero around 60 CE for his injustice toward the…

Festus, Porcius

Procurator of Judea around 60–62 of the Common Era, succeeding Felix. More just than his predecessor, he failed to appease Jewish bitterness after the Caesarea affair; he inherited the trial of Paul,…

Flaccus, L. Pomponius

Roman governor of Syria around 32-35, about whom almost nothing else is known. When Agrippa, the future King Agrippa I, poor and humiliated by his brother-in-law Herod Antipas, finds himself in need,…

Flavia Domitilla

Convert to Judaism and martyr in Rome, Flavia Domitilla, granddaughter of the emperor Vespasian and cousin of Titus and Domitian, married Titus Flavius Clemens, future consul and martyr himself;…

Flavius Josèphe

37-100

Romanized Jewish historian, author of The Jewish War and the Jewish Antiquities, essential sources on Second Temple Judaism. Commander in Galilee during the revolt, he became the historian of the…

Florus, Gessius

Last procurator of Judea (64-66 of the common era), so cruel and rapacious that the Jews almost regretted his predecessor Albinus by comparison. He precipitated the revolt by making their fate…

Fulvia

Roman lady of high rank converted to Judaism through the teaching of a Jew who took refuge in Rome to escape punishment. This impostor and three accomplices persuaded her to finance, through…

Gallus, Caius Cestius

Suffect consul in the year 42, designated according to Tacitus as the successor to Corbulon in the position of legate of Syria in 63; however, his coins date only from the years 65 and 66. Governor…

Gamaliel I

Son of Simon and grandson of Hillel, he would have been, according to talmudic tradition, their successor as nassi and first president of the great Sanhedrin of Jerusalem. An eminent figure of the…

Gamaliel II

100–114

Judean rabbi

Gamaliel l'Ancien

m. c. 50

Grandson of Hillel, president of the Sanhedrin and one of the greatest Pharisaic masters. The first to bear the title of Rabban ("our master"). The Mishna (Sotah 9:15) says: "Since the death of…

Hananiah ben Hezekiah ben Garon

Ier siècle

Compiled the Megillat Taanit; reconciled the book of Ezekiel with the Torah.

Hanina ben Dosa

Ier siècle

Sage and miracle-worker renowned for his piety and answered prayers.

Haninah ben Teradion

100–200

2nd century Jewish rabbi and teacher

Hélène

Helen is queen of Adiabène, wife of Monobaze I and mother of Monobaze II, died around the year 56 of the common era; of Greek origin and sister of her own husband, she converted to Judaism around the…

Hérode Ii

Herod II is king of Chalcis, son of Aristobulus and Berenice, grandson of Herod I and the first Mariamne, brother of Agrippa I and Herodias, died about 48-49 of the common era. Married first to…

Honi HaMe'agel

Ier siècle av. J.-C.

Rain-maker; drew a circle and prayed until answered.

Hutzpit the Interpreter

Ier–IIe siècle

Interpreter (meturgeman) of Gamliel II; one of the Ten Martyrs.

Imma Shalom

Wife of Éliézer ben Hyrcanus and sister of Gamaliel II, she received an education worthy of the sister of a nassi, descended from the family of Hillel the Elder. Rabbinic tradition attributes to her…

Ishmaël ben Kimhit (et la matriarche Kimhit)

époque du Second Temple (Ier s.)

According to the Talmud (Yoma 47a) and the Jerusalem Talmud (Yoma 5a), Kimhit saw seven of her sons serve as High Priest. On several occasions, one of them — including Ishmael ben Kimhit — having…

Ishmael ben Phabi Ii

High priest under Agrippa II, not to be confused with an earlier namesake appointed by Valerius Gratus. Worthy successor to high priest Phinee, he was appointed by Agrippa in the year 59 and enjoyed…

Ishmael ben Phiabi (II)

Ier s. de notre ère

High priest of the house of Phiabi. According to Flavius Josephus, he was part of the delegation sent to Rome in the matter of the Temple wall under Agrippa II. Rabbinic literature preserves a famous…

Izates

Proselyte, king of Adiabene, son of Queen Helena and Monobaze I ; converted to Judaism through the Jewish merchant Ananias, he was circumcised at the urging of another Jew, Eleazar, after discovering…

Izatès II

1–55

king of Adiabene

Jacob ben Sosa

Idumean commander mentioned by Josephus during the Great War against Rome, Jacob ben Sosa led his men to Jerusalem alongside the Idumeans who came to support the zealots against the aristocracy…

Jacob de Kefar Sekanya

Judeo-Christian of the first century, Jacob of Kefar Sekanya met R. Éliézer in the marketplace of Sepphoris and transmitted to him an interpretation of Jesus, drawn from Micah i. 7, on a ritual…

Jacob le Galiléen

Son of that Judah who stirred up the people against Rome during the census of Quirinius. Jacob followed his father's example and revolted in turn against the Romans with his brother Simeon; the…

James

Jean de Giscala

Jean de Giscala (Johanan ben Lévi), from the small Galilean town of Giscala, played an important role in the great war against Rome (66-70). First poor and not inclined to combat, he persuaded his…

Jean le Baptiste

John the Baptist, Essene saint and preacher, was active between the 20s and 30s of the common era; he preceded Jesus of Nazareth and is held to be the initiator of the Christian movement. According…

Jeshbab the Scribe

40–135

2nd century Jewish Tanna sage

Jesus ben Zappha

Jesus ben Zappha was, in the first century, one of the generals of Idumea appointed by the revolutionary government of Jerusalem after the departure of Cestius Gallus; he shared this command with…

Jésus de Nazareth

c. 4 av. J.-C. – c. 30 ap. J.-C.

Jew of Galilee, itinerant preacher in Judea under Roman occupation, crucified in Jerusalem under the prefect Pontius Pilate. He himself wrote nothing: his life and teaching are known only through the…

Jésus de Nazareth

Jesus of Nazareth, held by Christian tradition to be the founder of Christianity, was born in Nazareth and was executed in Jerusalem. His existence had, in the lifetime of his Jewish contemporaries,…

Johanan B. Gudgada

Johanan b. Gudgada was a scholar and the chief of the Temple porters during its final years of existence, elder brother of Joshua b. Hanania. He survived the destruction of Jerusalem and was present…

Johanan B. Zakkai

Johanan b. Zakkaï was the most important of the tannaïm of the last decade of the Second Temple, then, after the destruction of Jerusalem, the founder and first president of the academy of Jabné.…

Johanan ben Ha-ḥoranit

Johanan ben Ha-ḥoranit was a Palestininan tanna of the first generation, disciple of Hillel according to the common tradition — of Shammai according to Frankel —, and the master of Eleazar b. Sadoq.…

Johanan HaSandlar

100–200

Palestinian rabbi

Jonathan B. Anan

Jonathan b. Anan, son of the high priest Anan, was appointed high priest by Vitellius in place of Joseph Caiaphas, at Passover in the year 36, before being deposed in favor of his brother Theophilus.…

Jonathan ben Horḳinas

Jonathan ben Horqinas was a Palestinian scholar of the first century, contemporary of Eleazar b. Azaria and a disciple of the school of Shammai, renowned for the liveliness of his spirit. He…

Jonathan ben Uzziel

Ier siècle

Eminent disciple of Hillel; the Targum of the Prophets is attributed to him.

Jose ben Kisma

100–200

Jewish Tanna sage of the 3rd generation

José, Abba, ben Ḥanin

Palestinian tanna active in the last decades before the destruction of the Temple, Abba José ben Ḥanin was the contemporary of Eliézer b. Jacob and of Ḥanina b. Antigonos, with whom he is associated…

Joseph D'arimathée

A wealthy Jew, probably a member of the Essene brotherhood, who out of sympathy for Jesus offers him burial in a tomb hewn from rock near Jerusalem. According to Mark, he is a member of the…

Joseph de Gamala

Joseph of Gamala, son of a midwife, incited together with Chares the inhabitants of Gamala to revolt against Agrippa, and thereby against Rome, in the year 66. He was killed the same year when the…

Josephus, Flavius

General and historian born in 37 or 38, died after the year 100. He claimed through his mother descent from the Hasmonean lineage and passed through the schools of the Pharisees, Sadducees and…

Joshua ben Damnai

High Priest around 62–63 of the Common Era, appointed by King Agrippa II after the deposition of Anan son of Anan. Soon deposed in turn in favor of Jesus (Joshua) ben Gamaliel (Gamla), he entered…

Joshua ben Hananiah

Ier–IIe siècle

Levite, disciple of Yohanan b. Zakkai; moderated Akiva's school.

Josué (Yeshua) ben Phiabi

époque hérodienne (fin Ier s. av. n. è.)

According to Josephus (Antiquities 15:322), Josué ben Phiabi held the office of high priest; his entry into office marks the settlement of the Phiabi family in Judea, in the time of Herod.

Josué B. Hananiah

Major tanna of the first generation after the destruction of the Temple, of Levitical descent, he was one of five disciples forming the inner circle of Yoḥanan ben Zakkaï, alongside Éliézer ben…

Judah

Sent by the sanhedrin of Jerusalem, with Joezar, to assist Josephus (66 of the common era) in his pacification mission and convince the people to lay down arms. Josephus, who first describes them as…

Judah B. Zippori

Instigator of an uprising against Herod the Great: shortly before the death of the latter, he took advantage, with another renowned scribe of Jerusalem, of the rumor circulating about the king's…

Judah ben Bathyra

Ier–IIe siècle

Headed an academy at Nisibis (Babylonia), corresponded with Yavne.

Judas le Galiléen

Leader of a popular revolt against Rome during the first census of Judea, around the year 6 or 7 of the common era, born in Gamala in Gaulanitis; with the Pharisee Sadoq, he raised many zealots and…

Julius Archelaus

Son of Chelcias, a Hellenized Jew probably of a rich and noble family, chosen by King Agrippa I as husband for his eldest daughter, Mariamne, who was only ten years old at her father's death (year…

Juste de Tibériade

35–100

Jewish writer and historiographer

Justus de Tibériade

Historical writer and one of the leaders of the Jewish revolt of Galilee against Rome in the year 66, known chiefly through his adversary and rival Josephus. By his eloquence, he aroused the…

Lampon

Enemy of the Jews who lived in the first century in Alexandria. During the anti-Jewish uprising that occurred in the year 38, under the reign of Caligula, when the governor of Egypt Flaccus did not…

Lysimaque

Alexandrian writer anti-Jewish, earlier than Apion, with whom he shared hostility toward the Hebrew Exodus narrative, going further still than Manetho and Cheremon. According to his account, known…

Menahem ben Jaïr

Leader of the Sicarii, grandson of Judas the Galilean, founder of the Zealot party. Under his leadership, the Sicarii seized the fortress of Massada in 66 CE and massacred the Roman garrison, then,…

Menahem the Essene

Ier siècle av. J.-C.

Colleague of Hillel on the court, resigned his position; linked to the Essenes.

Nachum Ish Gamzu

Ier–IIe siècle

Master of R. Akiva; said « this too is for the good ».

Nahum de Gimzo

Tanna of the second generation, in the first century, known in the Talmud by the name of « man of Gimzo ». He was the master of Akiba, to whom he taught the exegetical principles of inclusion and…

Nahum the Mede

Ier siècle

Judge in Jerusalem, originally from Media; cited in the Mishna.

Nehunya ben HaKanah

Ier–IIe siècle

Tanna; principle of exegesis of the general and the particular; known prayer.

Néron

Roman Emperor, born in Antium on December 15 of the year 37, died near Rome in 68, adopted by the Emperor Claude under the name Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. After his accession in 54, he…

Nicodème

Prominent member of the Sanhedrin and man of fortune, he lived in Jerusalem in the first century of our era. The Gospel of John presents him as a notable who discussed with Jesus the rebirth through…

Nicodème ben Gorion

He lived in Jerusalem in the first century of our era and was the wealthiest and most respected member of the peace party during the revolt, under the reign of Vespasian. The Talmud reports that he…

Onkelos

1–120

author of an edition of the Targum

Pétrone, Arbitre

Latin satirist, generally considered a contemporary of Nero. In a preserved fragment, he mocks the Jews by claiming that worshipping the pig and revering the sky is not enough without circumcision,…

Petronius, Publius

Governor of Syria (39-42), died probably under the reign of Claudius. Charged by Caligula, who had himself worshipped as a god, to erect his statue in the Temple of Jerusalem, Petronius temporizes:…

Philippe

Philippe de Bathyra

Son of Jacimus and grandson of Zamaris, both of whom governed the city of Bathyra in Trachonitide. Honored with the friendship of Agrippa II, who made him commander of his troops, he was sent to…

Philo Judæus

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle — Philo Judæus mort après 40 C.E.

Jewish philosopher of Alexandria, born around 20 BCE, died after 40. The only event of his life that can be dated with certainty is his participation, in the year 40, in the embassy that the Jews of…

Phinées B. Samuel

Phinehas b. Samuel is the last High Priest of the Jews, the eighty-third since Aaron according to Josephus's count. Chosen by lot, without priestly lineage or knowledge of the office, he was forcibly…

Phinehas

Keeper of the treasure of the Temple of Jerusalem. In the final days of the siege, in the year 70, he followed the example of his colleague the priest Jesus b. Thebouthi and betrayed his charge: to…

Phinehas ben Clusoth

Chief of the Idumaeans at the time of the first Jewish revolt. After their complaints in Jerusalem against Simon bar Giora's requisitions went unanswered, the Idumaeans formed a troop of twenty…

Polemon Ii

Polemon II is a king, first of Pontus and the Bosphorus, then of Pontus and Cilicia, finally of Cilicia alone, died in 74 of the common era. He visited King Agrippa I in Tiberias, then married the…

Quadratus, Ummidius Caius

Roman governor of Syria from 50 to 60 of the Common Era. Called upon to settle the dispute between Samaritans and Galileans under the administration of procurator Cumanus, he went to Samaria in 52 to…

Rabbi Ishmael

70–135

2nd century Mishnah rabbi

Rabbi Shimon bar Yohaï

c. 100-170

Tanna, student of Rabbi Akiva, persecuted by the Romans. According to tradition, he hid for 13 years in a cave with his son and there received mystical revelations. The Zohar is attributed to him.…

Rabbi Tarfon

50–130

Late 1st/early 2nd century Jewish rabbi and sage

Rabbi Zadok

1–100

scholar and religious

Rufus

Roman general of the first century of the common era, he commanded the cavalry of the « men of Sebaste » — some three thousand soldiers, the flower of the Herodian royal army, who came to the aid of…

Salomé

14–62

daughter of Herodias

Saul de Tarse

Born of Jewish parents in Tarsus of Cilicia before the year 10 and died after 63, he became the true founder of the Christian Church as a religion distinct from Judaism. Formed in a Hellenistic…

Sénèque, Lucius Annæus

Stoic philosopher, born around the year 6 before the common era, died in 65, tutor to Nero. In preserved fragments, notably his treatise De Superstitione cited by Augustine, he severely criticizes…

Shimon ben Gamliel II

100

2nd century CE Judean rabbi and nasi and Great Sanhedrin president

Shimon ben Hillel

Ier siècle

Son of Hillel, reportedly his successor as nassi; little documented.

Shmuel ha-Katan

Ier–IIe siècle

Composed the blessing against heretics (Birkat ha-Minim).

Silva, Lucius Flavius

Siméon

Simeon is a tanna of the first generation, brother of Azariah and uncle of Eleazar ben Azariah. He is mentioned only once in the Mishna, where one of his sayings is reported. His brother Azariah, a…

Siméon B. Ezron

Siméon b. Ezron, of noble extraction, is one of the leaders of the Jewish war against Rome in the year 66, alongside the zealot Éléazar b. Simon. He might be the same man as Siméon b. Arinos, also…

Siméon B. Nathanael

Simeon b. Nathanael, tanna of the first generation, disciple of R. Yohanan b. Zakkai and son-in-law of R. Gamliel I, belonged to a noble priestly family; his master praised his piety and fear of sin.…

Siméon ben Sheṭaḥ

Simeon ben Sheṭaḥ, doctor of the Law and president of the Sanhedrin under the reigns of Alexander Jannaeus and then Queen Alexandra (Salome), his sister, used his influence at court to remove the…

Siméon de Ḳiṭron

Simeon of Qitron, a tanna whose only preserved agadic saying teaches that it was thanks to the bones of Joseph, which the Israelites had carried out of Egypt, that the sea opened before them.

Siméon de Mizpa

Simeon of Mizpah, tanna of the first generation and contemporary of R. Gamliel I, went with him to the court of the hall of hewn stone to learn a decision relating to the corner of the field (« pea…

Simeon HaPakoli

Ier–IIe siècle

Ordained the 18 blessings of the Amida before Gamliel II at Yavne.

Siméon I

Simeon I, son of Hillel and father of Gamaliel I, succeeds his father as president of the Sanhedrin. Nothing else is known of him: neither his activity nor the circumstances of his office — only his…

Siméon Ii.

Simeon, son of Gamaliel I, presides over the Great Sanhedrin of Jerusalem in the two last decades before the destruction of the Temple. Leader of the Pharisees, he nonetheless allies himself with the…

Simeon the Yemenite

Ier–IIe siècle

Tanna of 3rd generation at the Sanhedrin of Yavne, polyglot.

Simon Céphas

Simon Cephas, better known by the name Peter, is the first of the twelve apostles, principal disciple of Jesus and head of the first Church. Son of Jonas, a fisherman in Capernaum or Bethsaida, on…

Simon Magus

Simon Magus is a figure frequently mentioned in the history of early Christianity: according to the Acts of the Apostles, he inspired great fear in Samaria through his magical powers, was baptized…

Symacho

50–100

queen of Adiabene

Taxo

Teḥina, Abba

Théophile

High priest, son of Anân and brother of Jonathan, appointed by Vitellius in 37 of the common era in place of the latter; he served for approximately three years before being replaced by Simon…

Théudas

Titus

Roman emperor from 79 to 81, born in 39 or 41, died on September 13, 81, son of Vespasian, the conqueror of Jerusalem. Trained at the courts of Claude and Nero, he served in Germania and Britain…

Tryphon

Vespasien

Roman emperor from 69 to 79, founder of the Flavian dynasty. After the defeat of Cestius Gallus, Nero entrusts him with the suppression of the Jewish revolt; in 67, he conquers Galilee, takes…

Yehoshua ben Gamla (Joshua ben Gamla)

Iᵉʳ s. (grand prêtre vers 63–65 EC, tué pendant la Grande Révolte)

High Priest shortly before the destruction of the Second Temple, he is credited by the Talmud (Baba Batra 21a) with having instituted schoolmasters in each district and each city for children from…

Yehuda ben Tema

100–200

Yohanan ben Zakkaï

c. 30-90

Disciple of Hillel, he founded the academy of Yavneh after the destruction of the Temple (70). By negotiating with Vespasian, he secured the survival of rabbinic Judaism. His decision to substitute…

Zacharie ben Abḳilus

Palestinian scholar and one of the leaders of the Zealots, active in Jerusalem at the time of the destruction of the Second Temple. According to the Talmud, the authority he enjoyed among the rabbis…

Zébédée

Father of the apostles James and John, husband of Salome, native of Galilee and a fisherman by trade. The mention of his boat and his employees in the Gospels suggests that he enjoyed a certain…