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Second Temple100-1 av. J.-C.

Ith century BCE

Hérode, Hillel et la veille du Second Temple

Summary

Rome impose sa domination en 63. Hérode le Grand reconstruit le Temple en splendeur. Hillel et Shammaï fondent les deux écoles talmudiques. La communauté de Qumrân rédige les manuscrits de la Mer Morte. À la fin du siècle, naît un certain Yeshua à Bethléem.

Notable events

  • 63 av.Pompée entre dans Jérusalem ; Rome domine la Judée.
  • 40-4 av.Règne d'Hérode le Grand ; reconstruction monumentale du Temple à partir de 20.
  • c. 30 av.Hillel et Shammaï ouvrent leurs écoles rivales à Jérusalem.
  • c. 150-1 av.Rédaction des manuscrits de la Mer Morte à Qumrân.
  • c. 4 av.Naissance de Yeshua de Nazareth sous le règne d'Auguste.

The century in narrative

Le siècle s'ouvre sur une catastrophe politique et se ferme sur une explosion culturelle. En 63 av. J.-C., le général romain Pompée franchit les remparts de Jérusalem, pénètre dans le Saint des Saints — où il ne trouve rien, puisque rien n'y est — et impose la tutelle de Rome sur la Judée. Les Hasmonéens deviennent rois-clients ; le dernier d'entre eux, Antigone, est décapité sur ordre de Marc Antoine. Commence alors le règne le plus impressionnant et le plus contesté de l'histoire juive antique : celui d'Hérode le Grand (37-4 av. J.-C.).

Hérode n'est pas aimé. Iduméen d'origine, juif par contrainte généalogique, il fait assassiner sa propre femme hasmonéenne Mariamne et plusieurs de ses fils. Mais il transforme physiquement le pays. Il reconstruit le Second Temple en un édifice d'une splendeur sans précédent, dont les fondations (le Kotel, le Mur occidental) demeurent aujourd'hui le lieu le plus sacré du judaïsme. Il bâtit la forteresse de Massada, le port de Césarée, le palais d'Hérodion, le Hérodium d'Alexandrion et Machaerus. Il rénove Makhpéla à Hébron et reconstitue la tour Antonia.

Au cœur de Jérusalem, deux écoles rabbiniques rivales s'affrontent avec une telle vivacité que la tradition en gardera mémoire jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Hillel, originaire de Babylone, enseigne la douceur, l'accueil du converti, la règle d'or : « Ne fais pas à autrui ce que tu ne voudrais pas qu'on te fasse — c'est toute la Torah, le reste est commentaire. » Shammaï, plus rigoureux, défend la stricte observance des frontières du peuple juif. Leurs disciples débattent durant des générations ; dans la majorité des cas, la loi sera finalement fixée selon Hillel.

À quelques dizaines de kilomètres, au bord de la mer Morte, une communauté ascétique, probablement essénienne, copie des rouleaux dans des grottes. Redécouverts en 1947, les manuscrits de Qumrân offriront le plus ancien témoignage de la Bible hébraïque, un millénaire avant les manuscrits massorétiques connus. La Règle de la communauté, la Règle de la guerre, les Hymnes et les commentaires prophétiques peignent un judaïsme apocalyptique, dualiste, attendant un Messie sacerdotal et un Messie royal.

En dehors de Jérusalem, la diaspora explose. Alexandrie compte près d'un tiers de sa population juive. Philon d'Alexandrie, qui vivra sa maturité au siècle suivant, naît vers la fin du siècle. Babylone, toujours habitée, abrite une communauté fidèle. De Rome à Cyrène, du Ponteuxin à l'Espagne, les synagogues se multiplient.

À l'extrême fin du siècle, dans une bourgade de Galilée, naît un certain Yeshua de Nazareth, juif observant, dont la prédication se situera dans la lignée des prophètes et des Pharisiens les plus mystiques — et qui, sans qu'il le sache lui-même, ouvrira l'une des plus grandes bifurcations religieuses de l'histoire humaine.

Figures of the century (62)

Absalom

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Fils Hyrcanus, mort ~63 av. J.-C.

One of the five sons of John Hyrcanus, he was imprisoned with his mother and two of his brothers when Judas Aristobulus ascended the Hasmonean throne in 105 BCE, and released a year later at the…

Abtalion, Pollion, Ou Ptollion

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Leader pharisien milieu Ier siècle av. J.-C., années 37.

Chief of the Pharisees and vice-president, according to tradition, of the great Sanhedrin of Jerusalem in the middle of the first century before the Christian era, of pagan origin, he was with his…

Acme

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Esclave juive époque Hérod, morte 5 av. J.-C.

Jewish slave of Livia, wife of the emperor Augustus, she fell, during the family troubles of Herod's later years, under the influence of his son Antipater, then established in Rome. Seduced by gifts…

Alexander Zabinas

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Roi de Syrie 124-122 av.J.-C.; datation explicite du texte

King of Syria from 124 to 122 BCE, son of a simple merchant, he had himself proclaimed by the king of Egypt Ptolemy Physcon adoptive son of the Syrian king Antiochus VII Sidetes and thus seized…

ALEXANDER, Fils d'Hérode

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Dates explicites : né ~35 av. J.-C., mort ~7 av. J.-C. Fils de Mariamne et Hérode.

Son of Herod and the Hasmonean princess Mariamne, born around 35 BCE and died around 7 BCE. Sent to be educated in Rome in 23 BCE, he remained there until around 17 BCE, at which time Herod brought…

Alexandra

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Fille d'Aristobulus II; captive par Pompée en 63 av.J.-C.

Daughter of King Aristobule II, taken to Rome as a prisoner of war by Pompey in 63 B.C. with her parents and brothers. Freed by the Senate in 56 B.C., she found refuge, after the poisoning of her…

Alexandra

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Dates explicites : née 139 av. J.-C., morte 67 av. J.-C. Reine hasmonéenne, IIe-Ier siècle av. J.-C.

Only reigning Jewish queen along with the usurper Athalie, born in 139 BCE and died in 67 BCE, wife of Aristobule I then of Alexander Jannaeus. At the death of Aristobule, in 103 BCE, she has…

Alexandre Ii., de Judée

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Dates explicites : né ~100 av. J.-C., mort 47 av. J.-C. Période hellénistique tardive.

Eldest son of Aristobulus II and son-in-law of Hyrcanus, born around 100 BCE and died in 47 BCE. Taken prisoner to Rome after the capture of Jerusalem by Pompey, he escapes and returns to Judea to…

Alexandre Jannée

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Né vers 126, mort 76 av. J.C., roi de Judée hasmonéen, datation explicite.

King of Judea, born around 126 BC and died in 76 BC, third son of John Hyrcanus who ascended the throne in 102 BC. After the childless death of his brother Aristobulus I, who reigned only a year, he…

Antigonus Mattathias

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Dernier roi hasmonéen, dates explicites : mort 37 av. J.-C. Époque romaine tardive.

Last Hasmonean king of Judea, died in 37 BCE. Second son of Aristobulus II, he was taken prisoner to Rome by Pompey with his father in 63 BCE, and escaped in 57 to return to Palestine. Upon the death…

Antipater

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Antipater Ier mort 43 av. J.-C., père d'Hérode, dates hérodienne documentées

Father of Herod I, died in 43 BCE, son of Antipas, converted to Judaism and governor of Idumea under Alexander Jannaeus and then Alexandra. Fearing he would be sidelined by King Aristobulus II, he…

Apella

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Juif cité par Horace (Satires I.v.100), époque hellénistique-romaine

Apollonius Ou Apollonius Molon

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Apollonius Molon, rhéteur grec, florissait 1er siècle av. J.-C., maître Cicéron César

Greek rhetor and anti-Jewish writer, active in the 1st century BCE, still praised as a master of oratory around 75 BCE. Born in Alabanda, in Caria, he emigrated to Rhodes, where among his students he…

Aristéas, L'historien

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Historien hellénistique cité par Eusèbe via Polyhistor, époque ptolémaïque tardive

Writer on Jewish history, mentioned by Eusebius, who cites an extract from his work "On the Jews" reproducing the story of Job almost as the Bible reports it, but identifying Job, under his original…

Aristobule

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Né 35 av. J.-C., mort 7 av. J.-C.

Son of Herod the Great and Mariamne the Hasmonean, born around 35 BCE, died in 7 BCE. Sent to Rome in 23 BCE with his older brother Alexander, they returned to Jerusalem in 18 BCE and became targets…

Aristobulus I.

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Aristobule Ier, roi de Judée, né vers 140 av. J.-C., mort 104 av. J.-C.

King of Judea, elder son of John Hyrcanus, born around 140 BCE, died in 104. He succeeds his father as high priest while his mother was to reign as queen; barely his father dead, he throws her in…

Aristobulus Ii

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Aristobulus II né 100, mort 49 B.C., roi Judée

King of Judea, younger son of Alexander Jannaeus, born around 100 BCE, died in 49 BCE. Protector of the Sadducees against his older brother Hyrcanus II, he used the fortresses placed at his disposal…

Aristobulus Iii

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Aristobulus III époque Herod fin -1er siècle

Last scion of the Hasmonean royal house, brother of Mariamne and grandson on the paternal side of Aristobulus II. Favored by the people for his noble birth and bearing, he troubled Herod, who first…

Athronges

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Athronges insurrection 4 B.C.-6 C.E.

Chief of the Jews during the insurrection under Archelaus (4 BCE–6 CE). A simple shepherd and bold adventurer, with no other title to power than his strength and gigantic stature, he manages, with…

Baba ben Buta

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Enseignant époque Hérode, -37 siège Jérusalem

Disciple of Shammai; advised Herod to restore the Temple.

Cæcilius de Caiacte

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Rhéteur juif, première siècle av. J.-C. à Rome. Ami de Denys d'Halicarnasse (30-7 av. J.-C.).

Rhetorician, critic, and historian, active in the first century BCE at Calacte, on the north coast of Sicily; first Jew known for his literary activity at Rome. Born a slave under the name of…

Cassius Longinus

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Cassius Longinus questeur 53 av. J.-C., proconsul 43 av. J.-C., dates certaines.

Quaestor of Crassus in Syria in 53 BCE, he became independent governor of the province after the disaster of Carrhes and, coming to Judea, seized the fortress of Tarichée, had Pitholaus killed at the…

César, Caius Julius

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Jules César, dictateur romain, dates certaines : 100-44 av. J.-C.

Caius Julius Caesar is a dictator, consul, and Roman conqueror, born July 12, 100 before the common era (102 according to Mommsen) and assassinated March 15, 44 before the common era. His attitude…

Chypre

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Chypros mère Hérode, mariée -75, époque hérodienne

Cypros, a woman of Arab origin from noble lineage, married around 75 BCE to the Jewish governor Antipater, to whom she bore five children: Phasael, Herod, the future king, Joseph, Pheroras and…

Cicéron, Marcus Tullius

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Cicéron né 106, mort 43 B.C., orateur romain

Roman statesman and orator, born in 106 and died in 43 before the Christian era. In 59, in a speech pronounced in the Aurelian forum in favor of Flaccus — accused of having diverted, as proconsul of…

Cleopatra

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Cléopâtre VII reine d'Égypte 52-30 av. J.-C., dates épigraphiques certaines.

Queen of Egypt from 52 to 30 BCE, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. Her influence over Rome's rulers weighed on the fate of Herod of Judea: allied with Antony, she obtained from him the coastal region and…

Cléopâtre de Jérusalem

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Épouse d'Hérode Ier, rois hérodiens datés par Josephus et sources romaines.

One of the nine wives of Herod I, whom he marries late in his life. Cleopatra of Jerusalem gives him two sons, Herod and Philip, as reported by Flavius Josephus.

Darius Iii

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Darius III: dernier roi perse, règne 336-330 av. J.-C., vaincu par Alexandre

Darius III was the last King of Persia; he reigned from 336 to 330 before our era and was defeated by Alexander the Great. He would probably be this « Darius the Persian » whose reign closes the list…

Démétrius Iii. Eucère

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Demetrius III Eucerus: roi de Syrie ~95 av. J.-C.; Alexandre Jannée, époque romaine tardive

King of Syria, son of Antiochus Grypos, Demetrius III Eucaerus supplanted in 95 BCE Antiochus X after a fierce struggle and shared power with his brother Philip, reserving Coele-Syria for himself; in…

Doris

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Première épouse Hérode vers 45 av. J.-C.

First wife of Herod, whom he married around 45 BCE, Doris, a Jewish woman from Jerusalem of the common people according to Josephus, gave him his eldest son Antipater; repudiated when Herod acceded…

Flaccus, L. Valerius

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Proconsul 62-61 avant J.-C., fin de l'époque du Second Temple

Proconsul of Asia Minor in 62-61 before the common era, remembered in Jewish history for having seized for the public treasury the money intended for the Temple of Jerusalem — nearly one hundred…

Glaphyra

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Fille Arcélaos, épouse 7 av. J.-C.

Daughter of the king of Cappadocia Archelaus. Widow of Alexander, son of Herod I and Mariamne, executed in 7 before the common era, she then married king Juba of Mauritania, whom she met during…

Hanameel L'égyptien

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Grand prêtre Ier siècle av. J.-C.

Hanamel the Egyptian is a high priest of the 1st century before the Common Era, chosen by Herod to fill the position left vacant by the infamous death of Antigone. Egyptian according to the Mishna,…

Hanina Segan ha-Kohanim

100 av. J.-C.–100

priest

Hélène d'Adiabène

20 av. J.-C.–56

Queen of Adiabene

Hérode de Chalcis

1 av. J.-C.–48

King of Chalcis

Hérode Ier.

Datation incertaine : entre le Ier siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Hérode Ier, roi de Judée 40-4 av. J.-C., dates historiques précises.

Herod I, called the Great, was king of Judea from 40 to 4 before the Common Era, founder of the Herodian dynasty, born around 73 before the Common Era, son of Antipater and of Idumean origin.…

Hérode le Grand

73-4 av. J.-C.

King of Judea appointed by Rome, builder of the enlarged Second Temple (Herod's Temple), of Masada and of Caesarea. Despite his cruelty, his architectural work is considerable. The Western Wall…

Hezekiah

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Résistance Galilée -47, époque hérodienne préchristienne

Son of R. Hiyya; transmitted tannaitic tradition (2nd generation).

Hillel l'Ancien

c. 110 av. J.-C. - 10 ap. J.-C.

One of the greatest masters of Judaism, president of the Sanhedrin. Founder of the school of Beit Hillel, he formulated the golden rule: "What is hateful to you, do not do to another — that is the…

Hyrcanus Ii

Datation incertaine : entre le Ier siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Hyrcan II, grand prêtre 79-40 av. J.-C., période hasmonéenne tardive

High Priest from 79 to approximately 40 before the Common Era, eldest son of Alexander Jannaeus and Alexandra, who designated him as her successor. Barely enthroned, he had to face the rebellion of…

Jésus B. Phabi

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Grand prêtre vers 30 av. J.-C.

Jesus b. Phabi was high priest around 30 BCE, before being deposed by Herod the Great in favor of Simon, son of Boéthos, the king's father-in-law. The same name was later borne by high priests…

Jonathan le Sadducéen

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Ami de Jean Hyrcan 135-104 av.J.-C.; Josephus fournit cadrage exact.

Jonathan the Sadducee was a familiar of the Hasmonean prince John Hyrcanus (135–104 BCE). While the Pharisees contested the prince's fitness to exercise the office of High Priest, Jonathan incited…

Joshua B. Peraḥyah

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Président Sanhédrin deuxième moitié -2e siècle; persécution Hyrcan fixe -1e final.

President (« nasi ») of the Sanhedrin in the second half of the 2nd century before the common era, forming with his colleague Nittaï d'Arbel the second of the five pairs of sages who received and…

Judas L'essénien

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Essénien prophète époque Aristobule 105-104 av.J.-C.; Josephus situe précisément.

Person venerated for his prophetic gifts at the time of King Aristobulus (105-104 before the common era). Josephus reports that he had announced for a precise day the death of Antigone, brother of…

Mariamne

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Épouse d'Hérode le Grand, mariage en 37 av. J.-C., morte avant 29 av. J.-C.

Wife of Herod the Great, daughter of the Hasmonean Alexander and granddaughter of Hyrcanus II through her mother Alexandra. Their marriage, celebrated in Samaria in 37 before the common era after…

Matthias ben Margalot

Datation incertaine : Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Soulèvement contre Hérode le Grand datant 4-1 av. J.-C. selon Josèphe.

Nicolas de Damas

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Ami d'Hérode, historien grec, ~100-25 av. J.-C.

Greek historian and philosopher, friend of King Herod the Great, born in Damascus, where his father Antipater held high office, died in Rome. Remaining faithful to Aristotelian philosophy, he lived…

Nittai D'arbela

Datation incertaine : entre le Ier siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Vice-président Sanhédrin sous Josué b. Peraḥyah, époque Jean Hyrcan Ier, fin -IIe siècle.

Vice-president of the Sanhedrin alongside the nasi Joshua b. Perahia, in the time of John Hyrcanus; also called Mattai of Arbela, from the name of this town in Galilee near Tiberias. No halakha of…

Onias Ha-me'aggel

Datation incertaine : entre le Ier siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Onias Honi le faiseur-de-cercle, enseignant du Ier siècle av. J.-C.

Master and wonder-worker who lived in the first century before the Christian era, held by tradition to be a descendant of Moses and associated with the Essenes. Renowned for his piety and his power…

Phasael

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Frère Hérode, mort ~40 av. J.-C.

Older brother of Herod the Great, appointed governor of Jerusalem by their father Antipater while Herod received Galilee. Accused twice before Mark Antony by the Jewish party, he is finally made…

Phéroras

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Frère Hérode, mort 5 av. J.-C.

Younger son of Antipater and Cypros, youngest brother of Herod the Great, died in 5 B.C.E. Entrusted by Herod with the low-intensity warfare against the supporters of Antigone and the rebuilding of…

Philon d'Alexandrie

c. 20 av. J.-C. - 50 ap. J.-C.

Jewish philosopher of Alexandria, pioneer of biblical allegory and of the synthesis between Greek thought and Torah. His immense body of work influenced Christian theology and prefigured medieval…

Pompée le Grand

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Pompée subjugue la Judée en 63 av. J.-C.

Pompey the Great is the Roman general who subdued Judea to Rome. During his campaign in Asia Minor, in 65 before the common era he sends his legate Scaurus to intervene in the rivalry between…

Ptolémée

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Ptolémée tétrarque d'Iturie 85-40 av. J.-C.

Sabinus

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Sabinus procurateur romain 4 av. J.-C.

Roman procurator, treasurer of Augustus, sent to Caesarea to draw up an inventory of the goods left by Herod at his death. Despite his promise to remain in Caesarea, he went to Jerusalem, where his…

Saul, Abba, B. Baṭnit

Datation incertaine : entre le IIe siècle av. J.-C. et le Ier siècle av. J.-C. (hypothèse) — d'après Tanna deuxième-première siècles avant l'ère commune.

Tanna of the second and first centuries before the common era. According to Derenbourg, his mother was supposedly a Batanean proselyte, hence his nickname "ben Batnit", although this name appears…

Shammaï

c. 50 av. J.-C. - 30 ap. J.-C.

Contemporary and intellectual rival of Hillel, co-president of the Sanhedrin. Founder of Beit Shammai (the school of Shammai), known for its strict halakhic positions. The debates between Beit Hillel…

Shemaiah

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Leader pharisiens Ier siècle av. J.-C.

Chief of the Pharisees in the first century before the common era, president of the Sanhedrin before and during the reign of Herod, counted with his colleague Avtalion among the "great ones of the…

Shimon ben Gamliel I

9 av. J.-C.–69

1st century CE rabbi and nasi

Silas

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Deux personnages : tyran 63 av. J.-C., ami Agrippa Ier siècle.

Varus, Quintilius

Siècle corrigé à la relecture : 1e siècle av. J.-C. — Gouverneur romain Syrie 6-4 av. J.-C. Fin du Ier siècle avant ère.

Roman governor of Syria from 6 to 4 B.C.E., successor of Saturninus. He presides over the tribunal that condemns Antipater, son of Herod the Great, then, after Herod's death, suppresses in Judea a…