Early Middle Ages and Crusades
Caliph Omar II codifies the conditions of the dhimma
717-720·Califat omeyyade
The toll is reproduced exactly as the source states it — never rounded, never added to another. Tolls overlap from one event to the next.
prohibition of building new places of worship, of bearing arms, of riding horses; distinctive clothing
Caliph Omar II is regarded by the legal tradition as the architect of the dhimma status within the Umayyad Caliphate: prohibition against erecting new places of worship or repairing existing ones, against bearing arms, against riding horses, obligation to wear distinctive clothing and to yield way to Muslims.
The texts bearing his name, known as the Pact of Omar, were in all likelihood compiled later and attributed retrospectively to the pious caliph. They nonetheless fixed, for centuries, the framework within which Jewish and Christian communities of the East would live: a regime of protection in exchange for tribute, tolerable in ordinary times and offering no recourse in times of crisis.
- Period :
- Early Middle Ages and Crusades
- Type :
- Persecution
- Region :
- Near and Middle East
- Country :
- Califat omeyyade
Pacte d'Omar, versions conservées par Tourtouchi et Ibn Asakir ; Tabari, Histoire des prophètes et des rois.