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Expulsions & Ottoman Empire1401-1500 apr. J.-C.

XVth century CE

1492 : l'Expulsion d'Espagne

Summary

Inquisition, Reconquista, édit de Grenade (31 mars 1492). Les séfarades émigrent vers l'Empire ottoman, le Maghreb, les Pays-Bas, l'Italie, les Amériques. Abravanel accompagne les exilés.

Notable events

  • 1449Premier statut de « pureté du sang » (limpieza de sangre) à Tolède.
  • 1478Fondation de l'Inquisition espagnole par Ferdinand et Isabelle.
  • 1483Torquemada nommé Grand Inquisiteur ; procès massifs de conversos marranes.
  • 31 mars 1492Édit de Grenade : Ferdinand et Isabelle expulsent les Juifs d'Espagne.
  • été 1492150 000 à 200 000 Juifs quittent l'Espagne ; Isaac Abravanel tente en vain de négocier.
  • 1497Manuel Iᵉʳ du Portugal convertit de force les Juifs portugais ; naissance massive des marranes.

The century in narrative

Le XVᵉ siècle apr. J.-C. est celui du plus grand déracinement de l'histoire juive médiévale. En un demi-siècle, la plus grande communauté juive du monde — celle d'Espagne, vieille de quinze siècles, berceau de l'âge d'or andalou, patrie de Maïmonide, de Yehuda HaLevi, d'Ibn Gabirol — est expulsée, convertie de force ou dispersée. Le mot *Sefarad* (Espagne en hébreu) devient, pour l'éternité, le nom d'une diaspora entière.

La préparation est longue. En 1391, les pogromes de Séville avaient déjà provoqué la conversion forcée de dizaines de milliers de Juifs — les *conversos*, ou *marranes* (« porcs » en insulte populaire). Ces chrétiens nouveaux, juifs en secret pour beaucoup, suscitent la méfiance des « vieux chrétiens ». En 1449 à Tolède, le premier statut de *limpieza de sangre* (« pureté du sang ») exclut les conversos des charges municipales. Il préfigure d'un demi-millénaire les lois raciales modernes.

En 1478, Ferdinand d'Aragon et Isabelle de Castille obtiennent du pape Sixte IV la bulle autorisant la fondation de l'**Inquisition espagnole**. Son but initial : traquer les conversos qui continueraient secrètement à judaïser. Tomás de Torquemada, nommé Grand Inquisiteur en 1483, fait de l'Inquisition une machine redoutable : 8 000 condamnés au bûcher, 25 000 réconciliations (sous supplices) jusqu'en 1820. Les autodafés publics — procession des condamnés en *sanbenito*, bûchers sur les places — deviennent spectacle public.

Mais la présence juive officielle gêne aussi : elle offre un horizon de repli aux conversos. Isabelle et Ferdinand, ayant pris Grenade le 2 janvier 1492 et achevé la Reconquista, décrètent le **31 mars 1492**, depuis l'Alhambra, l'expulsion de tous les Juifs du royaume. Délai : quatre mois. Soit la conversion au catholicisme, soit l'exil — sans or, sans argent, sans marchandises prohibées.

**Isaac Abravanel** (1437-1508), ministre des finances de Ferdinand, propose 30 000 ducats pour faire annuler l'édit. Isabelle hésite. Torquemada, dit-on, brandit un crucifix : *« Judas a vendu le Christ pour 30 pièces d'argent ; Votre Majesté le vendrait-elle pour 30 000 ? »* Le roi refuse. Abravanel choisit l'exil avec son peuple. Seul Abraham Senior, receveur des impôts, se convertit (sous le nom de Coronel) à 80 ans pour rester près de sa reine.

Entre 150 000 et 200 000 Juifs quittent l'Espagne durant l'été 1492. La plupart gagnent le Portugal, puis le Maghreb, puis l'**Empire ottoman** qui les accueille à bras ouverts — le sultan Bayezid II aurait dit : *« Vous appelez Ferdinand un roi sage ? Il appauvrit son royaume et enrichit le mien. »* Salonique, Constantinople, Edirne, Smyrne deviennent de grands centres séfarades. D'autres gagnent l'Italie (Ferrare, Livourne, Venise), les Pays-Bas, plus tard Hambourg et Bordeaux.

En **1497**, le roi Manuel Iᵉʳ du Portugal, qui voulait épouser la fille d'Isabelle, est contraint par mariage d'expulser lui aussi ses Juifs. Mais le Portugal avait besoin d'eux économiquement. Solution brutale : Manuel ordonne la conversion forcée collective des enfants juifs le 19 mars 1497, puis des adultes. Le Portugal devient ainsi, plus que l'Espagne, la matrice du marranisme. Ces *cristãos novos* pratiqueront en secret un judaïsme clandestin pendant cinq siècles. Leurs descendants — retrouvés par l'histoire au XXᵉ siècle — habitent encore des villages perdus du nord du Portugal et du Nouveau-Mexique.

Le XVᵉ siècle ferme la civilisation judéo-espagnole et ouvre la diaspora séfarade moderne. Le ladino, langue judéo-espagnole, sera parlé pendant cinq siècles de Sarajevo à Alexandrie. Au XVIᵉ siècle, à Safed, une nouvelle lumière jaillira des ruines.

Figures of the century (358)

Aaron ben Batash

XVe s. (m. 1465)

Jewish notable of Fès, adviser then vizier of the Merinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II, killed during the 1465 revolt.

Aaron de Neustadt

Talmudist of Austria who formed, with Shallum and Jaekel of Vienna, a triumvirate of Talmudic scholars at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century; uncle and principal teacher of…

Abadia, Juan de la

Marrano of the fifteenth century, he took part in a project aimed at overthrowing the Inquisition in Aragon and then, after this failure, in the plot to assassinate the inquisitor Pedro Arbués,…

Abba Nasia, Joseph

Abi Zimra, Abraham ben Meir

Poet active in Malaga, who appears to have left his city in 1492 for Oran, then settled in Tlemcen; reputed as a poet, few of his writings survive, including an address to his soul composed in Oran…

Abiathar Ha-kohen de Saragosse

Founder of an important Spanish noble family that spread in the fifteenth century, he had two daughters, Esther and Leah. Esther, reputed for her beauty, was baptized then married by Don Alphonso of…

Abigdor ben Menahem

German talmudist active in the early fifteenth century, of whose responsa copies are preserved in the manuscript collection of the Bodleian. He was contemporary to Rabbi Jacob Mölln, who died in…

Abigdor Cohen

Italian rabbi renowned for his learning and fortune, he lived in Ferrara around the middle of the fifteenth century. Joseph Kolon, the most important Talmudist of Italy of his time, expressed himself…

Abolafio, Juan Fernandez

Marrano of Seville active in the fifteenth century, he was one of those who opposed with the most zeal the introduction of the Inquisition in Seville in 1480, which cost him his life at the stake. A…

Abraham b. Saadia Hakoun

XVe siècle

Rabbi of Tlemcen in the 15th century, presented as correspondent of Simon b. Zemah Duran (the Rashbatz), Chief Rabbi of Algiers.

Abraham ben Abigdor

Rabbi of Bohemia born at the end of the fifteenth century, died in Prague in 1542, where he served as rabbi during the last twenty years of his life; among his students was Abraham Jaffe, father of…

Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi

v. 1460–apr. 1528

Kabbalist and Sephardic messianic visionary, member of the old Yishuv of Jerusalem.

Abraham ben Isaac ben Jehiel de Pise

Grandson of the famous philanthropist Jehiel of Pise, whose charity greatly helped to relieve the exiles of Spain in 1492. A worthy member of this distinguished family, Abraham died, according to the…

Abraham ben Isaac Chalom (Shalom)

mort en 1492

Catalan Jewish philosopher died in 1492, translator of philosophical texts from Latin into Hebrew (an abridgment of the physical sciences of Albert the Great; a discussion of problems from…

Abraham ben Judah Elimelech

Kabbalistic writer established in Pesaro, Italy, toward the end of the fifteenth century, probably a Spanish exile. He wrote the « Likouté Chikha ou-Péa » (Gleanings), a kabbalistic commentary on…

Abraham ben Judah Minz

1440–1525

Italian rabbi

Abraham ben Mordecai Farissol

1451–1525

Hebrew scholar and geographer

Abraham ben Salomon de Torrutiel (Adrutiel)

né en 1482 (Espagne) – actif jusqu'en 1525

Expelled from Spain as a child during the expulsion of 1492, he was taken to Fès by his father Salomon de Torrutiel, an elderly Talmudist and student of Isaac Canpanton. In 1510 he composed in Hebrew…

Abraham ben Simeon ben Judah ben Simeon de Worms

Cabalist born in 1410 and died in 1440, author of « Segoulat Melakhim » (Treasures of Kings), a treatise gathering knowledge of practical Kabbalah, magic and natural sciences gleaned during his…

Abraham ben Solomon de Torrutiel

Abraham ben Solomon of Torrutiel is a historian who lived at the end of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth century. Aged nine or ten, he had to leave Spain in 1492 with the Jews…

Abraham ben Yefet

Abraham ben Yefet is a Karaite poet, born around the beginning of the fifteenth century and died after 1460. He claims descent from Moses Dar'i, the celebrated Karaite poet, and copied in 1460 the…

Abraham ben Yom-ṭob de Jérusalem

Astronomer and rabbi of Constantinople born around 1480, he was the student of Elijah Mizraḥi and an authority cited by Joseph Caro. In 1556, at the instigation of Joseph Nasi, he joined the rabbis…

Abraham Bibago

1420–1489

Spanish-Jewish philosopher of religion

Abraham de Balmes

1440–1523

Italian physician and translator

Abraham de Lérida

Physician, surgeon and astrologer of whom nothing else is known except this: on September 12, 1468, he successfully operated on a cataract in the right eye of King John II of Aragon, then, with equal…

Abraham de Meyrargues

Physician established in Marseille, France, during the first quarter of the fifteenth century. He is mentioned in commercial and official documents of the city for the years 1405-13.

Abraham Ruti

3ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1440–1539)

Rabbi of Fès, active in the 3rd century of the Hebrew era (1440–1539). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-1.

Abraham Saba

né en 1488

Rabbi, 15th century. Born in 5248 of the Hebrew era (1488). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), p. 14-3.

Abraham Saba

1440–1508

Spanish rabbi

Abraham Senior

1412–1496

Sephardi rabbi, banker and politician, who converted to Catholicism

Abraham Shalem

3ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1440–1539)

Rabbi of Vallée du Draa, active in the 3rd century of the Hebrew era (1440–1539). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 12-1.

Abraham Solomon ben Isaac ben Samuel Catalan

1401–1492

philosopher, physician and translator

Abraham Solomon de Saint-maximin

Abraham Solomon of Saint-Maximin is a physician who practices in the 15th century in Provence, in high favor with René d'Anjou, Count of Provence, who exempts him from the taxes normally levied on…

Abraham Zacuto

1450–1515

Portuguese astronomer

Abu-l-kheir

Spanish scholar and translator of the 15th century, also known as Isaac ben Samuel, he was expelled from Spain in 1492 and settled in Padua, where he completed in 1496 a Hebrew commentary on the «…

Adibe, Jacob

Jew exiled from Portugal in 1496, he settled in Azamor, in the province of Doukkala in Morocco. When this city, after submitting to Portugal in 1512 then renouncing its allegiance, was besieged by…

Afendopolo, Caleb B. Elijah B. Judah

Karaite polymath born in Andrinople before 1430, he lived for some time in Belgrade and died around 1499 in Constantinople. Student of Mordecai Comtino in Andrinople, he pursued, from 1490, the…

Akiba Ha-kohen, D'ofen

Influential scholar of Hungary and Bohemia in the second half of the fifteenth century, died in Prague in 1496. Titled 'Nassi' for his learning, wealth and charity, he occupied an influential…

Akiva ha-Kohen

1450–1496

Jewish scholar

Alami, Solomon

Moralist writer active in Portugal in the 14th and 15th centuries, contemporary of Simon ben Tsémah Duran. Witness to the persecutions suffered by the Jews of Catalonia, Castile, and Aragon in 1391,…

Alde Manuce

Italian publisher born in Bassiano in 1449 or 1450, died in Venice on February 6, 1515. Trained in Latin in Rome then in Greek in Ferrara, he founded in 1494 a publishing house devoted to Latin and…

Alexander Jagellon

Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, born in 1460 and died in Vilna in 1506, son of King Casimir IV. Having ascended the throne of Lithuania in 1492 and then to that of Poland in 1501, upon…

Alfaquin, Aaron

Physician in Pamplona, he received in 1413 from King Charles III of Navarre a monthly pension of nine florins, as a reward for cures accomplished and as encouragement for the future.

Alfonso de Zamora

1474–1531

Spanish rabbi

Alguadez , Meir B. Solomon

Castilian court physician and chief rabbi of the 15th century, birth and death dates unknown, died before 1413. Trained in the Talmud in Toledo under Juda ben Asher, he practices medicine at the…

Allemanno, Johanan

Kabbalist born in Constantinople, active in Italy in the second half of the 15th century, where he becomes the teacher of Pico della Mirandola in Hebrew and Kabbalah, thereby contributing to the…

Almazán , Miguel de

Marrano from Saragossa, private secretary of King Ferdinand of Aragon. He was burned alive on the accusation of remaining faithful to Judaism. A month later, on March 18, 1486, another Saragossan,…

Almazán, Pedro de

One of the conspirators against the inquisitor Pedro d'Arbuès. He escaped death by flight, but his wife Isabelle, as well as his brothers Pedro the Younger and Manuel, were burned alive in Saragossa…

Almeida, Lopez D

Head of the embassy sent by Alphonse V of Portugal to Pope Sixtus IV, in 1472, to congratulate him on his accession and to inform him of the king's victory over the Moors of Arzila, in Africa. Don…

Alvalensi, Samuel

Spanish author born in 1435, died in 1487, son of the scholar Abraham Alvalensi of Toledo and student of Isaac Campanton, last gaon of Castile. He is the author of a short treatise on Talmudic…

Álvaro de Luna

Spanish statesman of the fifteenth century, he reached the rank of Constable of Castile and exercised, with Chancellor Juan Furtado de Mendoza and Don Abraham Benveniste, unlimited influence over the…

Anchias, Juan de

Associate and first private secretary of the Inquisition in Spain (1485-90), versed in the formularies of wills and marriage contracts of Marranos accused of practicing Judaism. In 1507, at Belchite,…

Ancône, Jacob ben Elia D

Copyist active at the end of the 15th century. He copied anonymous commentaries on Ezobi's « Ḳa'arat Kessef » and on the « Beḥinat 'Olam », the latter bearing the date of 2 Adar 5255 (1495); the…

Anschelm

Grand Rabbi of several German provinces, also called R. Anshel ha-Levi of Cologne. He was appointed to this position in 1435 by Conrad of Weinsberg, hereditary chamberlain and plenipotentiary…

Arama, Isaac ben Moses

Spanish rabbi and author, born around 1420, died in Naples in 1494. First principal of a rabbinical academy in Zamora, he is later called as rabbi and preacher in Tarragone, then in Fraga, in Aragon,…

Arama, Meïr ben Isaac

Philosopher and biblical commentator, born in Saragossa at the end of the 15th century, died around 1556 in Salonique. His father is exiled from Spain in 1492 and dies in Naples; Méir, who had…

Aranda, Pedro de

Bishop of Calahorra and president of the council of Castile at the end of the 15th century, victim of persecutions against Marranos. Son of Gonzalo Alonzo, one of the Jews converted at the time of…

Arbues, Pedro

Spanish canon and inquisitor, called by some Jews « the creature and favorite of Torquemada », born around 1441 in Épila, in Aragon, died on September 17, 1485. Appointed canon of Saragossa in 1474,…

Ascoli, Jacob ben Abraham Rofe

Physician and liturgical poet, active in Camerino, Italy, possibly from Ascoli, in the second half of the fifteenth century. Two of his « reshouyot » for the Nishmat are printed in the Maḥzor of…

Ashkenazi, Azriel B. Joseph

Astruc Ha-levi de Daroca

Talmudist, active in Spain at the end of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th. Delegate to the disputation of Tortosa in 1413, under the presidency of Pope Benedict XIII, he shows great…

Baena, Francisco de

Spanish poet of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, brother of Juan Alfonso de Baena and secretary of the governor Diego de Ribera, one of his poems appears in his brother's « Cancionero ».…

Baena, Juan Alfonso de

Spanish troubadour of the 14th and 15th centuries, born in Baena, in Córdoba, he worked as a notarial secretary at the court of John II of Castile. He compiled the « Cancionero de Baena », a…

Bajazet Ii

Ottoman sultan, born in 1447, came to the throne in 1481 and died in 1512, he assured the Jews of his empire a period of complete peace, conducive to the flourishing of Jewish culture — by 1483, a…

Bali, Abraham ben Jacob

Karaite physician and hazzan active in Foli in the second half of the fifteenth century, student of Shabbethaï ben Melkiel Cohen. He is the author of several treatises, mostly still unpublished,…

Bali, Moïse ben Abraham

Karaite physician and ḥakham in Cairo, in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, he completed in 1489 a collection of 224 poems on the weekly readings, « Sefer Zeraḥ », then composed…

Bashyazi, Élie Fil de Moïse Fil de Ménachem D'andrinople

Karaite Hakham born in Andrinople around 1420, died in that city in 1490. Trained in Karaite literature and theology by his father and grandfather, he later studied in Constantinople under the…

Beer, Benjamin ben Elijah Ha-rofe

Italian artist, presumably established in Ferrara, active in the fifteenth century, son of physician Élie Beer. His name appears in acrostic in the Hebrew legend of a bronze medal discovered in Lyon…

Belin, Elijah ben Moses I.

German commentator and liturgical poet of the 15th century, rabbi, cantor, and teacher of Talmud in Worms in 1490, having previously, according to Zunz, lived in Bingen-on-the-Rhine. He wrote a…

Benayah ben Sa'adyah ben Zekharyah

actif v. 1461–1490 (dynastie 1461–1540)

Recognized as the greatest scribe of Yemenite Judaism and patriarch of a dynasty of copyists from Sana'a active from the second half of the 15th c. Approximately 40% of dated Yemenite manuscripts…

Bendig, Meïr, D'arles

Bendig Meïr of Arles is a Talmudist active in Arles, Provence, probably in the second half of the fifteenth century. He is the author of an index of biblical passages cited in the Babylonian Talmud,…

Benjamin ben Moses

Benjamin ben Moses is an Italian scholar active in Rome in the early fifteenth century, engaged in the administration of the Jewish community of the city and delegate to the assembly of Italian…

Benvenida Abrabanel

1470

Italian philanthropist and businesswoman

Benveniste B. Labi

Benveniste b. Labi, also known as De la Caballeria, was a Jewish patron, son of the 'prince' Salomon ibn Labi de la Caballeria, active in Saragossa and then in Alcañiz, where he died on November 30,…

Benyamin Gabay

mentionné en 1494

Rabbi of Fez, 15th century. Mentioned in 5254 of the Hebrew era (1494). Son of Yosef I. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 24-1.

Berab, Jacob [b. Moïse ?]

Jacob Berab (b. Moïse ?) is a talmudist and rabbi born in Moqueda, near Toledo, in Spain, in 1474, and died in Safed on April 3, 1546. A student of Isaac Aboab, he fled Spain for Tlemcen, where the…

Bernal, Maestro

Maestro Bernal is a marrano, ship's physician on Christophe Columbus' first voyage to America. He had lived in Tortosa and undergone, in October 1490, public penance for attachment to Judaism;…

Bernardinus de Feltre

Bernardinus of Feltre is a Franciscan friar born in Feltre, Italy, in 1439 and died on September 28, 1494, one of the most ferocious enemies the Jews ever encountered, openly preaching their…

Bibago, Abraham ben Shem-ṭob

Religious philosopher and Spanish preacher born in Saragossa, established in Huesca in 1446 and still living in 1489. At the court of John II of Aragon, he debated as a young man with a reputed…

Bikhakhanim

Bikhakhanim is a reigning princess of the Taman peninsula, in Crimea, married in 1419 to the Genoese Jew Simeon of Guizolfi, who thus became possessor of this territory — his heir Zacharia of…

Boeschenstain, Johannes

Johannes Boeschenstain is a German Hebraist born in Esslingen in 1472, whose Jewish ancestry, sometimes asserted, was denied by himself. Student of Moïse Möllin, he was one of the first to revive the…

Bonet de Lattes

1450–1514

French astrologer

Bonsenior, ibn Yaḥya

Bonsenior ibn Yaḥya, whose life remains unknown, is a Provençal author specialist in chess, active by the fifteenth century at the latest; his treatise « Melitzat Seḥoḳ ha-Ishḳaḳi », first published…

Brandon, Jules Benjamin

Jules Benjamin Brandon is a French officer from an old Sephardic family that came from Spain after the expulsion of 1492, born on September 24, 1833 in Paris and died on May 22, 1871. Entered the…

Budek

Budek was a Polish Catholic priest, canon of Wislica in the early fifteenth century and one of the most virulent persecutors of the Jews of his time; it was he who incited the attack against the Jews…

Bulat , Abraham ibn

Abraham ibn Bulat, or Bolat, is a talmudist active in Spain in the fifteenth century, disciple of Isaac de León. During a halakhic controversy between his master and Isaac Gayyal, he sided with the…

Caballeria, Bonafos de la

Bonafos de la Caballeria, known after his conversion to Christianity under the name « Micer Pedro », is a Spanish anti-Jewish writer of the fifteenth century, son of Salomon ibn Labi de la Caballeria…

Caleb Afendopolo

1464–1523

Jewish writer and polyhistor

Calñi, Samuel ben Moses

Turkish rabbi of the fifteenth century, born in Arta, in the Morea. He is the author of responsa entitled Mishpeṭe Shemuel, printed by his nephew in Venice between 1599 and 1600, and was the…

Canizal, Jacob

He probably lived in the fifteenth century. He is the author of notes on Rashi's commentary on the Pentateuch, published, it seems, in Constantinople in 1525.

Capito , Wolfgang Fabricius

German Hebraist, born in Haguenau, Alsace, in 1478 and died in 1541. Appointed professor of theology at Basel in 1515, he became a few years later provost of Saint-Thomas of Strasbourg, and left a…

Caro, Isaac B. Joseph

Talmudist and Spanish biblical commentator, active in the second half of the fifteenth century and the first half of the sixteenth. Born of a noble and learned family, he studied in Toledo, where he…

Caro, Joseph ben Ephraim

Last great codifier of Rabbinic Judaism, born in Spain or Portugal in 1488 and died in Safed, Palestine, in 1575. After the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492, he went with his parents to…

Carthagena, Don Alfonso de

Converted to Christianity, son of Paul de Burgos, died in Burgos in 1456; baptized as a young man by his father, he became archdeacon of Compostelle and then succeeded him as bishop of Burgos,…

Casimir Iv., Jagellon

Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, born in 1427 and died in Grodno in 1492. Having become Grand Duke in 1440 and then King of Poland in 1447 following his brother Ladislas III, he continued…

Chédorlaomer

King of Elam according to Genesis, whose conquests extended as far as Canaan; after twelve years of tribute, the five local kings revolted in the thirteenth year and were subdued the fourteenth by…

Colon, Joseph B. Solomon

The greatest talmudist of Italy in the second half of the fifteenth century, probably born in Chambéry, Savoy, around 1420, died in Padua in 1480, descended from the Trabot family, who emigrated from…

Conat, Abraham ben Solomon

Printer, talmudist and Italian physician active in Mantua in the second half of the fifteenth century, where he obtained the title of « ḥaver » for his erudition, which he deployed above all in the…

Cota, Rodrigo

Spanish poet, born in Toledo, died in 1497, from a Marrano family three of whose members were removed from office in 1450. He sided with the persecutors of his former coreligionists, which led to him…

Coutinho, Fernando

Defender of the Jews, counselor of the supreme court and then bishop of Silves, under the reigns of Manuel and John III of Portugal. In February 1497, when Manuel considered forced baptism of the…

Crescas, Abiatharibn, Ha-kohen

Ordinary physician of King John II of Aragon (1458-79), skillful oculist and learned astrologer. In September 1468, when the king, aged seventy, had lost his sight due to a double cataract, he…

David Arama

né en 1422

Rabbi of Fez, fifteenth century. Born in 5182 of the Hebrew Era (1422). Son of Abraham, himself son of Yosef, himself son of David, himself son of Obadiah. Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben…

David ben Jacob Meïr

Italian astrologer of the 15th century, member of the Kalonymus family, David ben Jacob Meïr drafted in 1464 two treatises on astrology, the shorter one, on the conjunction of Saturn and Jupiter,…

David ben Joseph ibn Yahya

1465–1543

David ben Judah Messer Leon

1470–1526

Italian rabbi

David ben Salomon ibn Abi Zimra — le Radbaz

1479–1573

Sephardic exile from Spain (1492), he settled in Cairo where he was appointed rabbinical chief (Nagid/Hakham Bashi) of Egypt, a position he held for some forty years; his yeshiva notably trained…

David ben Shlomo ibn Yahya

1455–1528

Portuguese rabbi

David Ben Simhon

3ᵉ s. de l'ère hébraïque (1440–1539)

Rabbi of Fès, active in the 3rd century of the Hebrew era (1440–1539). Son of Sliman. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 26-4.

David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra Ou Zamiro

Spanish Talmudist and kabbalist known by the acronym RaDBaZ, born in Spain around 1479 and died in Safed, Palestine, in 1589, David ben Salomon ibn Abi Zimra settled as a child in Safed after the…

David Reuveni

1485–1538

Jewish political activist

Davila, Diego Arias

Minister and confidant of King Henry IV of Castile, born of Jewish parents in Segovia and died in 1466, Diego Arias Dávila embraces Christianity and distinguishes himself at the court of John II…

Delmedigo, Elijah Cretensis ben Moses Abba

Cretan philosopher and physician born in Candie in 1460 and died in that city in March 1497, Élie Delmedigo, trained by his father in the Bible and the Talmud, impressed Joseph Colon in childhood…

Diego de Valence

Spanish troubadour of the 15th century born of Jewish parents in Valencia de Don Juan, in the kingdom of León, Diego de Valence became, after his conversion, a Franciscan monk and doctor of theology,…

Don Isaac Abravanel

1437-1508

Portuguese statesman, financier, and biblical exegete. Finance minister of Portugal and then of Spain, he tried in vain to prevent the edict of expulsion of 1492. His biblical commentaries, written…

Eck, Johann Maier von

Catholic theologian born in Eck, Bavaria, on November 13, 1486, died in Ingolstadt on February 10, 1543. One of the most active opponents of Luther, he was also an avowed enemy of Jews: his work…

Égidius de Viterbe

Cardinal and Christian Kabbalist born in 1470 at Villa Canapina, in the diocese of Viterbo, trained among the Augustinians and became general of his order in 1503, he died on November 12, 1532.…

Eliakim ben Naphtali

Italian moral writer of the 15th century, author of « Ṭob Shem Ṭob », a selection of texts from the Talmud and the Midrashim on retribution, the sufferings of the grave and resurrection, published in…

Élie (Elijah) ben Abraham Mizrahi — le Re'em

v. 1455–1525/1526

Romaniote Jew born in Constantinople, student of Élie ha-Lévi and Juda Minz of Padua. He succeeded Moïse Capsali as rabbinic leader (de facto Hakham Bashi) of the Jews of the Ottoman Empire. He is…

Élie Alamannus

Spanish physician and diplomat of the 15th century, court physician to the Duke of Bourbon, probably Louis II. Commissioned by Alphonse V, King of Aragon, on a mission to Pope Martin V, he went to…

Elie ben Samuel ben Parnes de Stephanow

Exegete and Bulgarian poet of the second half of the fifteenth century, active first in Vidin then in Constantinople, where he corresponded on scientific subjects with Moïse Capsali, Élie Mizrahi and…

Élie Capsali

v.1485–ap.1550

Rabbi and chronicler of Candia, author of histories of the Ottoman Empire and Venice.

Élie de Ferrare

Talmudist and Italian traveler of the early 15th century, engaged in 1437 as lecturer and teacher in Jerusalem, where he arrived after a stormy crossing during which he lost his son and grandson.…

Élie del Medigo

1458–1497

Sephardic philosopher

Élie Hayyim (Elijah Ḥayyim) ben Benjamin de Genazzano

v. 1440 – v. 1510 (actif fin XVᵉ – début XVIᵉ s.)

Kabbalist, physician and Italian theologian, student of the Talmudist and Kabbalist Benjamin of Montalcino. He defended Kabbalah against Sephardic intellectuals who had fled Spain and engaged in a…

Élie Mizrahi

v.1455–1526

Talmudist and decisioner of Constantinople (the Re'em), mathematician.

Eliezer ben Naphtali Treves

1495–1567

German rabbi

Élisha ben Abraham

Hebraist and Talmudist active in the late fifteenth century, author of the "Magen Dawid", a defense of the grammar of David Ḳimḥi against the criticisms of Efodi and David ben Yaḥya (Constantinople,…

Enoch ben Solomon Al-ḳusṭan-ṭini

Turkish philosopher and Kabbalist — also physician according to Wolf —, active in Constantinople in the fifteenth century. He wrote « Mar'ot Elohim », a philosophical explanation, based on…

Éphraïm B. Gershon

Turkish preacher and physician of the mid-15th century, active in Negropont and Constantinople, friend of Mordekhaï Comtino and Samuel Bueno, for whose sister he composed a funeral sermon. His…

Farissol, Judah

Italian mathematician and astronomer, active in Mantua in the late 15th century. In 1499, he wrote the « Iggeret Sefirah », a description of the astronomical sphere accompanied by diagrams.

Félix Pratensis

Jewish apostate born in Prato, Italy, in the second half of the fifteenth century, died in Rome in 1539. While still Jewish, he published in Venice, in 1515, a Latin translation of the Psalms, the…

Ferdinand et Isabelle

Ferdinand V the Catholic, king of Spain, born in 1452 and died in 1516, and his wife Isabella the Catholic, born in 1451 and died in 1504, were both surrounded by converted Jews or their descendants:…

Ferrus, Pierre

Jew converted to Christianity, active in Spain in the fifteenth century, poet who puts his talent in service of the satire of his former coreligionists. Juan Alfonso de Baena cites in his…

Flavius Mithridates

Italian scholar active in Rome in the second half of the fifteenth century, whose Jewish name is unknown; around 1486, he lived in Fratta, near Ferrare, at the home of Count Jean Pic de la Mirandole,…

Folz, Hans

Dramatist and German physician of the 15th century, said to be born in Worms, mentioned under the name "Hans Falz zu Nurmberk balbirer". Author of numerous farces and Carnival plays often mixing…

Galina, Moïse ben Élie

Greek scholar and translator who lived in Candia in the 15th century. His most famous work, « Toledot Adam » (Constantinople, 1515), a treatise on chiromancy and physiognomy drawn principally from…

Gama, Gaspard da

Jewish sailor of German origin of the 15th century, born in Posen according to his own account, forced to leave the country in 1456 because of persecutions; he goes to Jerusalem then Alexandria…

Gama, Vasco da

Portuguese discoverer of the maritime route to India, aided, like Columbus, by the royal astrologer Abraham Zacuto. Commander-in-chief of the fleet bound for India, he set sail from Lisbon on July 8,…

Gart, Joseph

Liturgical poet and Provençal commentator, probably established in Aix in the fifteenth century, member of the Gard family of Avignon whose surname corresponds, according to Neubauer, to the Hebrew «…

Giacobbe Mantino

1490

Italian physician

Gibbor, Judah ben Elijah ben Joseph

Karaite scholar active in Constantinople between 1500 and 1540. His major work, a long poem entitled « Minḥat Yehudah » gathering all biblical commandments in the style of rabbinic azharot, paid…

Gil Vicente

Portuguese dramatist born in Lisbon around 1470, nicknamed the Plautus or Shakespeare of Portugal and considered the father of national comedy. Counting secret Jews among his friends, he intervenes…

Guglielmo Ebreo

1420–1480

Italian dancing master

Guglielmo, Benjamin

Benjamin Guglielmo is an Italian master of dance active in the fifteenth century in Pesaro, student of Domenico di Ferrara, who mentions him in his Liber Ballorum (1460). He is the author of a…

Guidacerius, Agathius

Agathius Guidacerius is an Italian Christian Hebraist born in Rocca di Neto, in Calabria, in the second half of the fifteenth century. Trained in Hebrew by a Portuguese rabbi in Rome, where he…

Guizolfi , Zacharias de

Zacharias de Guizolfi was a 15th-century prince ruling the Taman peninsula on the Black Sea, descendant of the Genoese Jew Simeone de Guizolfi, who became sovereign of the region through his marriage…

Ḥabib, Jacob ibn

Spanish Talmudist, born in Zamora around 1460 and died in Salonika in 1516. After studying the Talmud under R. Samuel Valensi, he settled in Salonika at the time of the expulsion of Jews from Spain…

Ḥabillo , Élie ben Joseph

Spanish philosopher, active in Monzón, Aragon, in the second half of the fifteenth century. Admirer of Christian scholasticism, he learned Latin to translate into Hebrew, in part or in whole, several…

Ḥadida, Abraham ben Judah

Spanish talmudist of the fifteenth century, author of an unpublished commentary on Ecclesiastes, the book of Esther and the Haggada. He is cited in the Responsa of Joseph di Trani.

Ḥalayo, David ben Samuel

David ben Samuel Ḥalayo, probably son of Samuel Ḥalayo of Bersac, correspondent of Simon ben Ẓemaḥ Duran, is a ḥazzan and disciple of the latter, at whose suggestion Duran drafted his commentary on…

Ḥalfon, Abba Mari

Italian astronomer of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In 1492, he was in Naples, where he studied astronomy, and wrote the Ṭa'ame Miẓwot, explanatory notes on the Alfonsine Tables, preserved…

Ḥayyaṭ, Judah ben Jacob

Judah ben Jacob Ḥayyaṭ is a Spanish Kabbalist of the 15th and 16th centuries, exiled from Spain, whose expulsion from Lisbon in 1493 opens a long series of trials: capture by Basque pirates,…

Hayyim ben David Shahor (Schwarz)

vers 1490–1549

Pioneer of Hebrew printing: member of Prague's first printing workshop from 1514, he became an itinerant printer after having to leave Prague in 1527. He produced quality works in Augsburg…

Héredia, Paulus de

Paulus (Pablo) de Heredia is a Spanish anti-Jewish writer born around 1405 in Aragon and died at an advanced age after 1486. Baptized late after having himself defended Judaism, he composed, to…

Hillel D'erfurt

Hillel of Erfurt is a Talmudic authority who lived in Erfurt in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, contemporary of Shalom of Neustadt and disciple of Meïr ben Baruch Faleri. According to A.…

Hiti, Al-

Karaite chronicler who lived, probably in Egypt, in the first half of the fifteenth century, native of Hit, on the Euphrates. He may have been the author of a manuscript dated 811 of the Hegira…

Hoogstraten , Jacob van

Belgian controversialist born in Hoogstraeten around 1460, died in Cologne on January 21, 1527. Dominican prior then professor of theology and inquisitor in Cologne, he protected the converted Jew…

Hutten, Ulrich von

Poet and pamphleteer born at Steckelberg castle, near Fulda, on April 21, 1488, died on the island of Ufnau, on Lake Zurich, on August 29, 1523. Humanist and one of the most ardent defenders of the…

Ibn Nuñez, Jacob

Physician of King Henry IV of Castile and his chief judge (« juez mayor »), also a rabbi according to his own account. In 1474, the king charged him with distributing in Segovia the taxes that the…

Ibn Shem-ṭob, Isaac

Philosophical commentator of the fifteenth century, younger brother of Joseph ibn Shem-Ṭob and disciple of Maimonides, whose side he took against their father, Shem-Ṭob ibn Shem-Ṭob, who had attacked…

Ibn Shem-ṭob, Joseph ben Shemṭob

One of the most prolific Judeo-Spanish writers of the fifteenth century, born in Castile, died in 1480. He lived successively in Medina del Campo (1441), Alcalá de Henares (1451) and Segovia (1454),…

Ibn Shem-ṭob, Shem-ṭob ben Joseph ben Shem-ṭob

Spanish writer and philosopher active around 1461-89, residing in Segovia and then in Almazán, disciple of Maimonides despite the declared opposition of his grandfather and father to the latter. He…

Ibn Verga, Judah

Historian, Kabbalist and probably mathematician and Spanish astronomer of the fifteenth century, born in Seville and martyred in Lisbon. Held in high esteem by the governor of Andalusia, he one day…

Ibn Vives Al-lorqui

Spanish physician and anti-Jewish propagandist, born Josué ha-Lorki, baptized before the sermons of Vicente Ferrer in Lorca under the name Hieronymus de Santa Fé. Versed in the Talmud though not a…

Ibn Vives Al-lorqui , Joseph ben Joshua

Spanish physician died before 1408, son of Joshua ibn Vives al-Lorqui. He translated from Arabic into Hebrew several books of the abbreviated canon of Avicenna, adding to it a commentary that was…

Ibn Ya'ish, Baruch ben Isaac

Philosopher and translator of the 15th century, probably of Spanish origin but established in Italy, mastering Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin. He wrote in ten chapters a Hebrew commentary on « Medicamenta…

Ibn Yaḥya, David

Grammarian and philosopher, son of the martyr Don Joseph, born in Lisbon in 1465 and died in 1543, David ibn Yaḥya studied under his relative David ben Salomon ibn Yaḥya before emigrating to Italy in…

Imrani

1454-apr. 1536

Second great Judeo-Persian poet, born in Isfahan, author of Fath-nameh and Ganj-nameh.

Inés Esteban

1488–1500

Spanish prophetess

Isaac Aboab

1432–1493

Jewish exegete, author of the Menôraṭ hammâôr

Isaac Arama

vers 1420–1494

Spanish philosopher and preacher, author of the Akedat Yitzhak, a collection of philosophical sermons on the Torah. He left Spain during the expulsion of 1492.

Isaac ben Eliezer

Moral writer active in Worms, whose activity is situated between 1460 and 1480; he was the student of Moses ben Eliezer ha-Darshan. He wrote in German a treatise of edification and asceticism, the «…

Isaac ben Mordecai Gershon

15th-century Talmudist, author of the "Shelom Ester", a commentary on the scroll of Esther published in Constantinople. A distinction has sometimes been wrongly made between him and another author…

Isaac ben Moses Eli

Spanish mathematician of the fifteenth century, born in Oriola, Aragon. According to Steinschneider, he may have been among those exiled from Spain in 1492 and then gone to Constantinople. He is the…

Isaac de Leon

1410–1490

Spanish rabbi

Isaac Joshua ben Immanuel de Lattes

Talmudist and Italian editor, born in Rome at the end of the fifteenth century and died in Ferrara around 1570, grandson of physician and astronomer Immanuel Boneto. Rabbi in Avignon around 1530, he…

Isaac Karo

1440–1535

Spanish rabbi

Israël

First "Hochmeister" (Chief Rabbi) of Germany, active in the early 15th century, instituted by an edict of Emperor Rupert III dated May 3, 1407 to end complaints about the mismanagement of certain…

Israel Bruna ben Ḥayyim

Israël Bruna ben Hayyim is a German rabbi of the fifteenth century, first rabbi of Brünn, then, after the expulsion of Jews from that city in 1454, settled in Regensburg, where he opened a yeshiva…

Ivan Iii, Vassilivich, le Grand

Tsar of Russia from 1462 to 1505, whose attitude toward Jews was generally benevolent. During his reign, the Jew Skhariya founded in Novgorod a Judaizing sect that gained several influential…

Ivan Iv, Vassilivich, le Terrible

Tsar of Russia (1533-84), under whose reign the prejudice against the Jews, feared as magicians and proselytes, was particularly marked in Muscovy. In 1545, he sent an embassy to Sigismund-Augustus…

Jacob ben David Provençal

French Talmudist of the 15th century, not to be confused with the homonymous astronomer of the 14th century Jacob ben David ben Yom-Ṭob Po'el, called "Sen Bonet Bongoron de Perpignan". Established in…

Jacob ben David Tam ibn Yaḥya

1475–1542

Portuguese-Turkish rabbi and physician

Jacob ben Solomon ibn Habib (Yaakov ibn Haviv)

vers 1460–1516

Rabbi and Talmudist born in Zamora; after the expulsion from Spain (1492), he settled in Salonika, where he composed the Ein Yaakov, a compilation of all the aggadic material of the Talmud with…

Jacob Gaón

1500–1463

Spanish tax collector

Jacob Pollak

1460–1541

Polish rabbi

Jacopo Sansecondo

Italian musician of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, born around 1468, Jacopo Sansecondo was a renowned violinist who played in 1502 at the wedding of Lucrezia Borgia and held a prominent place…

Jean Albert

Jean Albert (Jan Olbracht) was King of Poland (1492-1501), ascending to the throne the same year his brother Alexandre Jagellon became Grand Duke of Lithuania. The hatred of Jews instilled in him by…

Jean Paul

Jean Paul (Johannes Pauli), German humorist converted to Christianity, was born around 1455 and died in Thann in 1530. Renowned preacher of the Franciscan order in Oppenheim and then in Strasbourg,…

Jehiel (Yehiel) da Pisa

mort en 1492

Philanthropist and man of letters from Pisa, he made his fortune in banking and employed this wealth to protect Jewish learning. He maintained regular correspondence with Don Isaac Abravanel and…

Jéhiel de Pise

Philanthropist and man of letters from Pisa, who died in that city on February 10, 1492. Jehiel de Pise devoted to charitable works the fortune he had made in banking and protected Jewish learning —…

José Vizinho

1450–1550

15th-century Portuguese court physician and scientist

Josef della Reina

1418–1472

Jewish mystical figure

Josel de Rosheim

1476–1554

German rabbi

Joseph Albo

vers 1380–1444

Spanish philosopher, author of the Sefer ha-Ikkarim on the fundamental dogmas of Judaism. He took part in the Disputation of Tortosa.

Joseph ben Jacob Gunzenhauser

† 1490

Pioneer of Hebrew printing born in Nuremberg, originally from Gunzenhausen; founded with his son Azriel a press in Naples producing Hebrew books from 1487 to 1492.

Joseph ben Moïse Alashkar

v. 1500

A victim of the expulsion from Spain (1492), he settled in Tlemcen where he directed a yeshiva. A prolific writer whose works remained in manuscript; he was among the first masters of Kabbalah in…

Joseph ben Moses

Joseph (Joslein) ben Moïse, Bavarian Talmudist, born in Höchstädt around 1420 and died after 1488. His life is known only through his Léqet Yosher, of which only one manuscript copy survives: after…

Joseph ben Ẓaddiḳ

Rabbi in Arévalo, Spain, in the 15th century, author of a treatise in fifty chapters on ritual questions, the « Zeker Ẓaddiḳ », which remained in manuscript. The last chapter draws up a chronicle of…

Joseph Caro

1488-1575

Author of the Shulhan Arukh (Set Table, 1565), the code of Jewish law that remains the universal halakhic reference. Born in Spain, exiled to Portugal and then Turkey, he settled in Safed in Galilee,…