XIVth century CE

Rabbi and exegete, author of the homiletical commentary Nour al-Zulm (Sefer Meor ha-Afela).

Physician, astronomer, and halakist, active in Barcelona from around 1340 to 1380. Despite slanders from powerful Jews in his community to the authorities, he was chosen to draft the petition…

Philosopher active in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. He is the author of a philosophical commentary on the Pentateuch, written around 1306 in the midst of the quarrel between orthodoxy and…

Talmudist, philosopher and physician of Barcelona, author of a major commentary on the Rif. His Derashot ha-Ran set forth an influential political-religious thought.

Commentator born in 1325 according to Azoulaï, or in 1341 according to Steinschneider. He composed a supercommentary on the "Kiddouch ha-Hodech" of the "Yad" of Maimonides, expounding in detail the…

King of Portugal (1357-67), a model of justice in his attitude toward Jews: when two young nobles in his service steal and murder a Jewish peddler, he has them beheaded despite the intercession of…

King of Aragon (1336-87), just toward the Jews of his kingdom and more benevolent than any of his predecessors; he has as his personal physician the rabbi Menahem, of whom he claims to be a student…

Author of the « Toledot Aharon », which indicates opposite each biblical verse the place where it is commented on in the Talmud and Midrash. It is unknown where and when he lived, but it is probable…

Joseph Pichon is almoxarife and general tax collector of Seville, appointed in 1369 by Henry II of Castile, who appreciated his honesty. Imprisoned on accusation by wealthy coreligionists then…

Italian monk of the fourteenth century, born in Alexandria, in Italy. He translated around 1342, at the request of Pope Clement VI, the treatise of Lévi ben Gershom on his astronomical instrument,…

Samson Pine (Pnie) is a German translator of the fourteenth century, probably from Peine, in the province of Hanover, who later lived in Strasbourg. He is chiefly known for having helped, in 1336,…

Salomon Pletsch is a German physician of the 14th and 15th centuries, originally from Regensburg. He is appointed in 1394 municipal surgeon of Frankfurt-am-Main, with an annual salary of 36 florins…

Grammarian, astronomer and polemicist of Perpignan. Forcibly converted in 1391, he wrote Al Tehi ka-Avotekha ("Be Not Like Your Fathers"), an anti-Christian satire disguised as a letter of…

Son of the Rosh, he composed the Arba'ah Turim (Four Columns), a halakhic codification that organized Jewish law into four parts—an architecture taken up by Joseph Caro in the Shulhan Arukh. His work…

Physician of Fraga in the fourteenth century. Orthodox Jew, he frequents Benveniste ibn Labi of Saragossa and other prominent Jewish personalities; but in 1391, he abjures his religion, takes the…

14th century German Jewish female moneylender

Italian physician of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, active in Pisa and Perugia, specialist in Arabic medical writings, particularly Avicenna. His work « Eben Pinnah » was copied for him by…

French scholar from Roquemartine, active in the fourteenth century, David Roquemartine is the author of the « Zekhut Adam », an allegorical interpretation — and not a literal one, according to him —…

Roman rabbi of the 14th century, who writes between 1373 and 1390 a compendium of Jewish rites, the « Sefer ha-Tadir », a manual for daily and synagogal use mixing ritual laws, moral maxims, homilies…

Salomon ben Éli Charbit ha-Zahav, astronomer, poet and oriental grammarian, lived in Salonique and then in Ephesus in the second half of the 14th century. He translates from Greek into Hebrew the…

Solomon ben Hénoch al-Qoustantini, Spanish exegete of the first half of the 14th century, would belong according to Grätz to the Al-Qoustantini family of Saragossa, several members of which took an…

Decisioner (Rashbash), rabbi of Algiers, author of responsa and of the polemic Milhemet Hova.

Salomon of Sabalducchio, physician, practises in Perugia in the 14th and 15th centuries. Shortly after his appointment, Pope Boniface IX names him his personal physician, on October 13, 1392; the…

Salomon of Vesoul, son of Manessier of Vesoul, died in 1375 or 1378, is appointed by decree of Charles V the Wise clerk and tax collector for the Jews of France, on August 9, 1378. Like his father…

Scholar, physician and probably biblical commentator from Spain, died in Seville in May 1345. He is said to have written several works on medicine and other sciences, now lost, and might be the envoy…

German sofer (scribe) of the 14th century, born in Saxony then settled in Prague after becoming an orphan at the age of eight. Trained by the rabbi Issachar, he traveled through Austria, Poland,…

Liturgical poet of the fourteenth century, whose birthplace and residence are unknown. He is the author of three prayers, and certain manuscripts designate him under the name of Rabanou.

French Talmudist active in the early fourteenth century. One of the numerous correspondents of Salomon ben Adret during the religious controversy of 1303-6, he sent him a verse epistle defending his…

French scholar who lived in Provence in the fourteenth century, known by the Hebrew surname « Kenessi ». He wrote the preface to the astronomical work « Shesh Kenafayim » by Emmanuel ben Jacob, which…

Talmudist, poet and philanthropist of the fourteenth century, considered by Jacob of Provence as one of the first poets of the region, and praised by his contemporaries for his piety, knowledge and…

Spanish treasurer and synagogue founder

Spanish philosopher

German rabbi, born in Schlettstadt, active in Strasbourg in the second half of the fourteenth century, where he directed an important yeshiva. Around 1370, he had two informers of the community…

African liturgist, from Sijilmassa, in Morocco, who lived around 1400. Two of his seliḥot have come down to us, one beginning with « Eleh kokhevé maron », the other with « Mah e'essé li-tsedati »,…

Greatest Judeo-Persian poet, author of epics versifying the Torah and the book of Esther.

Spanish rabbi

Rabbi of Fez, active in the 2nd century of the Hebrew era (1340–1439). Son of Mordekhay. Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 122-1.

Simeon ben Joseph of Lunel, called En Duran in Provençal, is a Talmudist of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, native of Perpignan, who lived successively in Montpellier, in Lunel, then, after…

Smol von Derenburch (Samuel de Derenburg), court banker of the archbishops of Magdeburg in the 14th century, died after October 5, 1382. A document of November 28, 1347 attests that he received, with…

Alfonso de Spina, one of the most relentless enemies of the Jews — to whom he never belonged, whatever has been said —, was general of the Franciscans, rector of the University of Salamanca and…

Queen of Bulgaria from 1335 to 1355, born in Tirnovo in a family of Byzantine Jews, under the Hebrew name of Sara and the nickname of « the beautiful Jewess » before receiving her Greek name. Noticed…

Provençal translator born in Arles in the early 14th century, of whom nothing is known except that he lived in 1337 in Trinquetaille, where he completed his translation of Aristotle's Rhetoric,…

Todros ben Moses Yom-Ṭob, also called Bondia, is a French physician active in Cavaillon in the second half of the fourteenth century, identified by Steinschneider as Todros of Cavaillon. In 1394, he…

French physician of the late fourteenth century, active around 1375 according to Carmoly, author of a pharmaceutical treatise partly in Hebrew and partly in Latin, the Cha'aré ha-Harkavot. Carmoly…

Jewish translator of the 14th century, active in Arles, Todros Todrosi rendered into Hebrew numerous Arabic philosophical texts: works of al-Fārābī, the Kitāb al-Najāt of Avicenna (under the title…

Spanish controversialist forced by persecution to defend his faith against an attempted forced conversion, stripped of his possessions but remained faithful to his convictions; chosen as rabbi by the…

Spanish scholar of the second half of the fourteenth century, established in Catalonia, where he composed his major work, the Maggid Mishné, commentary on the Yad of Maimonides, published for the…

Representative of the community of Seville, contemporary of Asher ben Yehiel. He was probably the brother of Salomon ben Abraham ibn Ya'ish and the father of Salomon ben David ibn Ya'ish, mentioned…

Egyptian Jewish nagid (1310-1355)

Rabbi of Marrakech, 14th century. Died in 5070 of the Hebrew era (1310). Recorded in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 44-1.

Rabbi of Fès, fourteenth century. Mentioned in 5125 of the Hebrew era (1365). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 43-3.

Rabbi and astrologer from Khorasan who came to Fès around 1365, he was a member of the city's Talmudic academy under the presidency of Rabbi Joseph Ha-Cohen Ha-Dayan Ibn Susan. He authored a biblical…

Rabbi, active in the 2nd century of the Hebrew era (1340–1439). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 75-4.

Talmudist of Seville, disciple of the Rashba, author of luminous commentaries (hiddushim) on the Talmud. He defended the legitimacy of philosophical study.

rabbi

Celebrated Talmudic commentator, called the Ritba, active in the first half of the fourteenth century, originally from Seville but settled in Alcolea de Cinca in 1342. Student of Aaron ha-Lévi and…

Spanish physician and astrologer active at the Nasrid court of Granada in the first half of the fourteenth century, died after 1369. Fearing to be implicated in the murder of the minister Reduan, he…

Byzantine moral writer of the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries, of whom nothing is known except that he is the author of the « Sefer ha-Yashar », a work of ethics in eighteen chapters inspired by…