Skip to content
Zakhor
Rishonim1101-1200 apr. J.-C.

XIIth century CE

Maïmonide et l'apogée de la pensée médiévale

Summary

Maïmonide (1138-1204) codifie toute la halakha dans le Mishneh Torah et la philosophie dans le Guide des égarés. Nahmanide, Tosafistes, premiers kabbalistes de Provence. Expulsion d'Angleterre (1290).

Notable events

  • 1147Les Almohades prennent Cordoue ; persécution des Juifs et chrétiens en al-Andalus.
  • 1165Maïmonide s'installe à Fostat (Le Caire) ; devient médecin du vizir de Saladin.
  • 1177-1178Maïmonide achève le Mishneh Torah, codification totale de la halakha en hébreu.
  • c. 1190Publication du Guide des égarés (Dalalat al-Ha'irin) en judéo-arabe.
  • 1190Massacre de York : 150 Juifs se suicident dans la tour de Clifford.
  • 1204Mort de Maïmonide au Caire ; enterré à Tibériade.

The century in narrative

Le XIIᵉ siècle apr. J.-C. est dominé par une seule figure, si haute que le judaïsme dira pendant des siècles : *« De Moshe (Moïse) à Moshe (Maïmonide), il ne s'est pas élevé de Moshe. »* **Moshe ben Maïmon** (1138-1204), dit *Maïmonide* ou *le Rambam*, est le plus grand philosophe et halakhiste juif du Moyen Âge, et peut-être de tous les temps.

Il naît à Cordoue en 1138, mais dès 1148, les Almohades — nouvelle dynastie berbère fondamentaliste — prennent la ville et imposent aux Juifs et chrétiens le choix entre conversion à l'islam, exil ou mort. La famille Maïmon fuit, parcourt le sud de l'Espagne et le Maroc, puis la Terre d'Israël, et s'installe finalement à Fostat (Le Caire) en 1165. Moshe soutient financièrement sa famille par le commerce avec son frère David — puis, après la mort de David en mer vers 1168, il se consacre à la médecine et à l'étude. Il devient médecin du vizir al-Fadil, puis du sultan Saladin lui-même. Les lettres qu'il écrit à ses disciples décrivent ses journées épuisantes : consultations à la cour toute la journée, visites à domicile, et, tard dans la soirée, enseignement à ses étudiants juifs.

Son œuvre est triple. **Le Commentaire de la Mishna** (1168), en arabe, premier commentaire systématique rédigé depuis l'Antiquité. Il y introduit les *Treize Principes de la foi* qui sont depuis récités par les Juifs observants chaque jour. **Le Mishneh Torah** (1177-1178), écrit en hébreu mishnique pur, est une codification exhaustive de la halakha en 14 volumes. Il couvre tous les domaines — sanctuaire, prière, Shabbat, fêtes, mariage, tribunaux, rois — et présente le droit juif sans discussion talmudique, comme un code. Il suscite à la fois l'admiration et la controverse : certains rabbins reprochent à Maïmonide d'avoir court-circuité la discussion dialectique. **Le Guide des égarés** (*Moreh Nevoukhim*, c. 1190), écrit en judéo-arabe, tente la synthèse entre la foi biblique et la philosophie aristotélicienne. C'est un chef-d'œuvre de subtilité, parfois hermétique, adressé à un disciple tiraillé entre Torah et philosophie. Il influencera profondément Thomas d'Aquin, Spinoza, Hermann Cohen.

Maïmonide meurt en 1204. Son corps est transporté à Tibériade, où sa tombe reste lieu de pèlerinage. Ses polémiques posthumes — la « controverse maïmonidienne » des années 1230 — verront ses œuvres brûlées à Montpellier par ses adversaires traditionalistes, puis interdites un temps par Shlomo de Montpellier, avant d'être finalement adoptées par tout le judaïsme.

Dans le monde ashkénaze, les **Tossafistes** — disciples et descendants de Rashi — continuent l'œuvre du maître. Rabbenou Tam, petit-fils de Rashi, est le plus grand. Avec Ri (Rabbi Isaac) et les écoles de Troyes, de Sens, de Paris, ils créent un nouveau genre : les *Tossafot* (« additions »), gloses dialectiques imprimées face au texte de Rashi dans chaque Talmud. Ils innovent une halakha ashkénaze distincte.

En Provence, une nouvelle mystique apparaît : la **Kabbale**. Rabbi Isaac l'Aveugle, fils du Raavad de Posquières, enseigne à Narbonne les premières doctrines des *sefirot*. La pensée gnostique chrétienne et philosophique néoplatonicienne nourrit cette renaissance mystique qui éclora au siècle suivant avec le Zohar.

Les persécutions s'intensifient. La Seconde Croisade (1147) relance les violences. En 1171, à Blois, 31 Juifs sont brûlés sur la fausse accusation de meurtre rituel. En 1190, à York, 150 Juifs assiégés se suicident dans la tour de Clifford. En 1215, le IVᵉ concile du Latran impose la rouelle distinctive. Le siècle s'achève dans un monde qui se ferme — mais qui a produit un Maïmonide.

Figures of the century (234)

Aaron ben Ḥayyim Ha-kohen

Nephew of Simeon of Coucy-le-Château and Jacob of Corbeil, he lived around 1200 and was nicknamed « the Saint ». In 1227, after collating all copies of the French Maḥzor he had been able to gather,…

Aaron ben Joseph de Beaugency

Biblical commentator and French rabbinical scholar, Aaron ben Joseph of Beaugency practiced in the twelfth century in this town near Orleans. He was the contemporary of Rabbenu Tam, with whom he…

Aaron ben Meshullam ben Jacob de Lunel

Ritualist active at the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth century, died around 1210 according to the « Shebeṭ Yehudah » ; one of five sons of Meshullam ben Jacob of Lunel, he seems…

Aaron Ben-zion ibn Alamani

Dayyan (judge) and notable Jew of Alexandria in the 12th century, son of Joshua, apparently a physician of some repute. Judah ha-Levi stayed in his house during his passage through Alexandria and…

Aaron d'York

1101–1268

Jewish financier and Chief Rabbi of England

Aaron de Cantorbéry

English exegete, cited in the « Minḥat Yehudah » of Judah ben Eliezer alongside Rashi and R. Jacob of Orléans, which would place him in the 12th century. An act of the Close Roll of 1242, entrusting…

Aaron de Lincoln

English financier born in Lincoln around 1125, died in 1186, mentioned from 1166 in the pipe-roll as creditor to King Henry II. Operating through agents throughout England, he specialized in loans…

Aaron Halevi

1200–1290

rabbi and legalist of the Rishonim era

Aaron of York

Jewish financier and Chief Rabbi of England, born in York before 1190 and died after 1253, probably son of Josce of York, a central figure in the massacre of 1190. Appointed presbyter, that is, Chief…

Abba Mari ben Isaac de Saint-gilles

Inhabitant of St. Gilles, near Lunel in Languedoc, around the middle of the twelfth century. According to Benjamin of Tudèle, who visited the Jewish community of this locality, he held the office of…

Abbas, Judah Ibn, de Fez

Poet, author of the piyyuṭ «Et Sha'are Raẓon» and first Jew known by the name of Abbas; of Arabic name Abu al-Baga ibn Abbas al-Maghribi, he died in Mosul in 1163. According to Al-Ḥarizi, he left the…

Abélard, Pierre

Scholastic, philosopher, and French theologian, born in 1079 in a village near Nantes and died in 1142 at the priory of Saint-Marcel near Châlons-sur-Saône; his affair with Héloïse, niece of the…

Abner

Abraham bar Hillel

One of the rare Hebrew poets of Egypt, active in the second half of the twelfth century, he wrote in elegant rhymed prose the « Meguila Zouta », recounting a striking episode in the Jewish History of…

Abraham bar Hiyya

vers 1070–1145

Mathematician, astronomer and philosopher from Barcelona, one of the first to write scientific treatises in Hebrew. His work on geometry influenced Latin Europe.

Abraham ben David de Posquières

1120–1198

Provençal rabbi and Talmud commentator (c.1125–1198)

Abraham ben Isaac de Narbonne

1110–1158

French rabbi

Abraham ben Joseph D'orléans

French Talmudist who lived in Orléans, and perhaps in London, in the twelfth century. He belongs to the ancient tossafists, and his interpretations of the Talmud are cited several times in the…

Abraham ben Maïmonide (Avraham ha-Nagid)

1186–1237

Only son of Maimonides, he succeeded him as Nagid of the Jewish community of Egypt and court physician from age eighteen. Author of the ethical and spiritual guide Kifayat al-Abidin (Hamaspik…

Abraham ben Moses de Ratisbonne

German Tosafist active around 1200 in Regensburg, whose interpretations of the Talmud and halakhic decisions appear in the Tossafot and other writings.

Abraham ben Nathan ha-Yarhi

c. 1155–1215

Originating from Lunel, author of the Sefer ha-Manhig on liturgical customs.

Abraham de Troyes

Abraham de Troyes heads the Jewish community of Troyes, in France, in the mid-12th century, in the time of Rabbenu Tam. His authority provokes a striking judicial incident: several litigants,…

Abraham Fils de Samuel le Pieux

Eminent Talmudist and elegist, brother of Judah the Pious, of the Kalonymus family, born in Speyer in the second half of the twelfth century. He reached a very advanced age: Rabbi Eliezer ben Nathan…

Abraham ibn Daud (Rabad I)

v. 1110 – v. 1180

Born in Córdoba, refugee in Toledo after the Almohad invasion, he was the first to attempt a systematic integration of Aristotelianism into Jewish thought. Historian of rabbinic transmission, he also…

Abraham ibn Ezra

1089-1167

Poet, grammarian, exegete, and astronomer of the Spanish Golden Age. His biblical commentaries, of pioneering philological rigor, foreshadow modern biblical criticism. A tireless traveler, he…

Abraham of Augsburg

1200–1264

Jewish martyr

Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar

1101–1184

médecin de cour égyptien

al-Maghrabi

Joseph ben Juda ibn 'Aqnin, called al-Maghrabi, physician and poet, disciple of Maimonides, was born around 1160 and died in 1226. He spent his first twenty-five years with his father, a craftsman in…

AL-TABBAN, LEVI B. JACOB IBN, portant le patronyme arabe Abu l'Fihm

Grammarian and poet active in Saragossa at the beginning of the 12th century, friend and elder of Juda ha-Lévi, who calls him « King of Song » — a judgment not shared by al-Ḥarizi, more severe toward…

Albertus Magnus

German philosopher and theologian, the most eminent of the Middle Ages and founder of the scientific tendency within the Dominican order; born in Lauingen, in Bavaria, in 1193, died in Cologne in…

Alfaquin, Joseph

Physician of Don Sancho of Navarre in the 12th century, colleague of Don Moses ben Samuel. In recognition of his services, the king grants him a share of the revenues from the Jews of Tudela.

Alfaquin, Salomon

Physician to King Sancho the Wise of Navarre, who appreciates his art so much that he gives him seven acres of land and twelve plots of vineyard in Mosquera and Fontellas, and grants him the…

Ali B. Abraham Al-tawil

Karaite scholar active in Ramla, Egypt, in the 12th century, author of a biblical commentary now lost. His name itself was only revealed to scholars recently, by the publication of the chronicle of…

Ali Ha-levi ben Solomon

Gaon, head of the Academy of Baghdad in the first half of the twelfth century, he is the master of David al-Roï, the pseudo-messiah whom Disraeli made the hero of his novel under the name Alroy. He…

Alroy, Ou Alrui, David

Pseudo-messiah born in Amadia, in Kurdistan, active around 1160. Trained in biblical and talmudic studies under Ḥisdaï, Prince of the Exile, and under Ali, head of the Baghdad academy, he also became…

Andronic Comnène

Byzantine emperor, born in 1113, assassinated in Constantinople in 1185, he ruled from 1183 to 85. He wrote a book against the Jews and their religion, with the aim of converting them to Christianity.

Anna

Daughter of R. Meïr of Ramerupt, sister of Rabbénou Tam and of Rashbam, granddaughter of Rashi, a learned woman of Champagne who, around the middle of the twelfth century, taught Jewish religion to…

Arnold

Cardinal-bishop of Cologne, died on April 3, 1151, one of the rare prelates to protect Jews from popular violence during the Crusades. When the inflammatory sermons of the French monk Rodolphe…

Arnold de Cîteaux

Cistercian monk who, with the assent of Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), incited a crusade against the Albigensians and the Jews of southern France, provoking the attack of Simon de Montfort against…

As'ad Al-din, Ya'ḳub ibn Isḥaḳ Al-maḥalli

Egyptian physician, active in Cairo in the late twelfth century and early thirteenth, born in al-Mahalla, between Cairo and Damiette. Ibn Abi Ousaïbia, in his history of Arab physicians, praises him…

Asher B. Meshullam

Talmudist, active in Lunel in the second half of the 12th century, son of the scholar Meshoulam ben Jacob and student of Joseph ibn Plat and Abraham ben David of Posquières, whose ascetic tendencies…

Averroès, Ou Abul Walid Muhammed ibn Ahmad ibn Roshd

Arab philosopher of the twelfth century, born in Cordova in 1126, died in 1198. A prolific writer in philosophy and medicine, he owes his importance chiefly to his commentaries on Aristotle, which…

Azriel de Gérone

v. 1160–1238

Kabbalist of Gérone, disciple of Isaac the Blind, theorist of Eïn Sof.

Baruch ben Isaac

1140–1212

German Orthodox rabbi

Baruch ben Isaac de Worms

XIIe–XIIIe siècle

Author of Sefer haTeroumah, disciple of Ritzba.

Baruchius , Valentinus

Spanish poet, probably from Toledo, who likely lived in the twelfth century; he wrote in clear and ornate Latin the history of the count of Lyon (Palanus), an old romantic legend taken up by the…

Bénédict D'york

Benedict of York is a prominent member of the Jewish community of York, England, died in 1189. Present with Josce of York at the coronation of Richard I, he is forced by the riot that breaks out on…

Benjamin B. Isaac de Carcassonne

Benjamin b. Isaac of Carcassonne is known only through his Hebrew translation — from Latin — of the treatise by Jean of Burgundy on the corruption of air by the plague, titled « 'Ezer Eloah »,…

Benjamin de Tudèle

c. 1130-1173

Traveler and geographer of Navarre, author of the Book of Travels (Sefer ha-Massa'ot), an account of his fourteen-year journey across Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. His descriptions of the Jewish…

Berechiah ben Isaac Gerundi

Berechia ben Isaac Gerundi, also called Yiṣḥaḳi, is a liturgical poet (payyeṭan) of the twelfth century, probably active in Lunel. Although he wrote nothing on Halakha, his brother Zeraḥyah Gerundi…

Béréchiah ben Natronaï Krespia Ha-naḳdan

Berechia ben Natronaï Krespia ha-Naḳdan, fabulist, exegete, moralist, grammarian and translator, is probably identical to Benedictus le Puncteur, an English Jew mentioned at Oxford in 1194. Long…

Bogolioubski, André

Andrei Bogolyubsky is the first grand duke autocrat of Russia, reigning from 1169 until his death. He conquers Kiev in 1169, then an important commercial center with a large Jewish population…

Boleslaw Iii. Krzywousty

Boleslas III Wrymouth was King of Poland from 1102 to 1139. According to historian Narouchevitch, Jews spread throughout Poland and Lithuania to Kiev during his reign, where they engaged in active…

Calixte Ii.

One hundred and sixty-seventh pope, from 1119 to 1124, born near Besançon, France, and died in Rome. After defeating antipope Gregory VIII, he published from Rome a bull forbidding forced conversions…

Cardinal, Ou Cardineal, Judah ben Isaac

Translator active in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, probably in southern France. At the request of Joseph ben Baruch, who, according to Zunz, traveled from France to Jerusalem via…

Casimir Ii., le Juste

King of Poland, born in 1138, ascended to the throne in 1177 after the deposition of his brother Mieczyslaw III, and died in 1194. A peaceful prince and friend of the people, he protected Jews from…

Crispin, Isaac ibn

Spanish moralist and poet, having lived in the early 12th century. Juda al-Ḥarizi counts him among the renowned poets of his time and attributes to him, by the title he gives him, a high official…

Da'ud Abu al-Fadl

1161–1242

Karaite Jewish physician and scholar

Daniel ben Solomon

Exilarch of Baghdad in the second half of the 12th century, Daniel ben Salomon, called ben Ḥasdai, belongs to a family claiming descent from King David and lived in great splendor, evoked by Abraham…

David ben Abraham Ha-laban

Religious philosopher and Kabbalist active after 1200, grandson of Juda, rabbi of Coucy-le-Château, David ben Abraham Ha-Laban is the author of « Masoret ha-Berit », a treatise on the existence,…

David ben Hodaya de Mossoul

Prince of the Davidic house established in Mosul (ancient Nineveh) around 1150-1220, David ben Hodaya becomes one of two candidates, with his cousin Samuel, for the exilarchate after the childless…

David ben Kalonymus de Münzenberg

Tosafist and German liturgical poet active at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, rabbi of Münzenberg, Hesse, David ben Kalonymus is the son of a daughter of Kalonymus the Elder of Speyer and a…

David de Mossoul

fin du XIIe siècle

Eastern rabbi, active in Mosul at the end of the twelfth century. Nephew of the Exilarch Daniel ben Salomon, who died in 1175 without a male heir, he disputed the office of Exilarch with his cousin…

Dorbolo Ou Durbal, Isaac ben

Rabbi active around 1150, a great traveler who knew from his own experience Poland, Russia, Bohemia, France and Germany, Isaac ben Dorbolo visited shortly after 1140 R. Tam at Ramerupt, then stayed…

Efraim ben Isaak

1110–1175

German tosafist and liturgical poet (c. 1110–1175)

Éléazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus of Worms

Talmudist and kabbalist probably born in Mayence around 1176, died in Worms in 1238, descendant of the Kalonymus family and disciple of Juda the Hasid, who initiated him into Kabbalah. On the night…

Eleazar ben Samuel de Metz

French Tosafist died in 1198, student of Rabbenou Tam, cited in the tossafot under the initials « RAM » or as « R. Éléazar ». He wrote commentaries on Nedarim, Berakhot and Houllin, as well as the «…

Elhanan ben Isaac de Dampierre

fin XIIe siècle

Son of Ri haZaken, tosafist who died before his father.

Élie ben Abraham

Karaite scholar of the twelfth century, author of the « Ḥaluḳḳot ha-Ḳara'im weha-Rabbanim », on the controversy between Karaites and Rabbanites, published by Pinsker. The only Karaite known to have…

Élie ben Judah de Paris

French Talmudist of the twelfth century, often cited as an authority by later Talmudists, known for his controversy with Rabbenou Tam over the necessity of renewing the knot of the tefillin each day…

Élie ben Shemaiah

Italian rabbi and liturgical poet, active in Bari in the twelfth century, one of the masters of Samuel b. Natronaï. A renowned composer of hymns, he wrote a «reshout» for the «Ḳerovot» of Yoḥanan…

Élie de York

Tosafist presumed to have been killed in the massacre of York in 1190, hence the surname « ha-Ḳadosh » (the Saint) generally reserved for martyrs. He was the pupil of the Tosafist R. Isaac ha-Zaqen…

Eliezer ben Joel ha-Levi (Ra'avya)

c. 1140–c. 1225

German decisor, author of Sefer Ra'avya.

Éliézer ben Samson

Rabbi and liturgist of Cologne, in the twelfth century, relative of the Tosafist R. Eliezer b. Nathan. Trained in Spire under R. Isaac b. Elhanan then in Mainz, he was one of the heads of the "great…

Eliezer ben Samuel de Metz (Re'em)

c. 1115–c. 1198

Disciple of Rabbeinu Tam, author of Sefer Yereïm.

Eliézer de Beaugency

French exegete of the 12th century, born in Beaugency, a canton town of the Loiret, and a student of Samuel ben Meïr, grandson of Rashi. One of the most distinguished representatives of the school of…

Eliezer di Verona

1101–1300

Italian rabbi

Ephraim B. Isaac de Ratisbonne

Tosafist and German liturgical poet of the 12th century, died in Regensburg around 1175, one of the oldest students of Rabbenou Tam. Established in Regensburg, probably his native city, he founded…

Ephraim B. Jacob

Talmudist, liturgical poet and German chronicler born in 1133, died after 1196. As a child, he witnessed the persecution of Jews on the Rhine and found refuge in the castle of Wolkenburg; he later…

Éphraïm ben Judah

Liturgical poet of the 12th century, probably established in northern France according to Zunz. The Maḥzor of Avignon preserves under his name a piyyout for the first day of Pessah, « Wayehi ba-ḥatsi…

Ephraim ben Samson

XIIe–XIIIe siècle

Exegete and Ashkenazi tosafist, esoteric commentary on the Torah.

Ephraïm de Bonn

1132–1221

Deciding rabbi, tosafist and German chronicler of the 12th century

Esperial, Samuel

Samuel Esperial was a physician of Córdoba, Spain. He is the author of a treatise on surgery intended for David de Jaén, written in Spanish but transcribed in Hebrew characters, now preserved in the…

Fayyumi, Nathanael Al-

Philosopher and talmudist active in Yemen around the middle of the 12th century. He is the author, in Judeo-Arabic, of « Bustan al'Uḳul », a treatise in seven parts devoted to the unity of God, to…

Ferdinand Iii.

King of Castile and Leon, son of Alphonse IX of Leon and the pious Bérengère, born in 1200, ascended the throne in 1217 and died in 1252. His reign marked a turning point for the Jews: despite the…

Flaccus

Governor of Egypt, enemy and persecutor of the Jews of Alexandria, against whom Philo directs in 42 of the common era a special work, the «In Flaccum». Friend of Tiberius, under whom he was prefect…

Formose

Jewess of Toledo named Rahel, nicknamed « Fermosa » (the Beautiful) because of her beauty, she held under her spell King Alfonso VIII of Castile for nearly seven years. With the assent of the clergy,…

Gerondi, Isaac B. Zerahiah Halevi

Talmudist active in Gerona in the 12th century, father of Zeraḥia ha-Lévi, author of the "Sefer ha-Ma'or", and of Berakhia ha-Lévi, author of piyyoutim. He composed a work on civil law now lost,…

Gershon B. Jacob Ha-gozer

German Talmudist active in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, great-nephew and probably student of Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn. A mohel like his father Jacob ben Gershon ha-Gozer, he continued his…

Gershon ben Solomon ben Asher

French Talmudist active in Béziers in the twelfth century, author of a casuistic work, the "Sefer ha-Shalmon," completed by his son Samuel and cited by Isaac ben Sheshet in his responsa. He also…

Ghayyat, Solomon B. Judah

Hebrew poet of the 12th century, perhaps grandson of Isaac ibn Ghayyat, the famous master of Lucena. Friend of Juda ha-Lévi, who dedicated to him one of the most important pieces of his Diwan, he…

Gumplin

Datation incertaine : entre le XIe siècle et le XIIIe siècle (hypothèse) — d'après Satire médiévale en allemand; Geiger publia le poème au 19e siècle

Gumplin is a German satirical poet of unknown date, of whom only one poem has been preserved: a satire in seven stanzas that, with great wit, mocks the inhabitants of the Rhineland province, and…

Hadrien

Hadrian is a Roman emperor who reigned from 117 to 138. At the beginning of his reign, he suppresses the last convulsions of the Jewish revolt in Cyrene and Alexandria, where some 50,000 Jews are…

Haim ben Hananel ha-Cohen

XIIe siècle

Disciple and colleague of Rabbeinu Tam.

Ḥayyim B. Hananeel Ha-kohen

Ḥayyim ben Hananeel ha-Cohen is a French tosafist of the second half of the 12th century, disciple of R. Jacob ben Meïr (Rabbenou Tam), with whom he debated questions of law. Maternal grandfather of…

Hezekiah ben Manoah

1200–1310

French rabbi

Hibat Allah Abu Al-barakat B. 'ali B. Malka Al-baladi

Arab physician of the 12th century born in Basra, he went to Baghdad to study medicine under Sa'id b. Hibat Allah, who admitted neither Jews nor Christians to his lessons; he bribed the porter to…

Ibn Ezra, Abraham ben Meïr

Scholar and poet born in 1092 or 1093, died on January 28, according to Rosin, in 1167. Son of Meïr, probably from Toledo and then established in Cordoba, he probably belonged to the family of Ibn…

Ibn Muhajar, Ahub ben Meïr Hanasi ibn

Ahub (or Oheb) ben Meïr ha-Nasi ibn Muhajar is a twelfth-century Hispano-Arabic poet, probably brother of the poets Joseph and Abraham ben Meïr ibn Muhajar. If this is indeed the poet signing « Oheb…

Ibn Sahl, Abū 'omar Joseph ben Jacob

Poet and scholar, died in Cordova in 1124, student of Isaac ibn Ghayyat and rabbi of Cordova for nine years, renowned for his erudition and piety. Counted by Al-Ḥarizi among the greatest poets of his…

Innocent Iii.

Pope from 1198 to 1216, born in Anagni in 1161, elected on June 8, 1198 and died on July 17, 1216. He was the first pope not to protect the Jews but to persecute them with great severity: while…

Isaac Ben Abba Mari

1122–1193

12th-century Provençal rabbi

Isaac ben Abraham de Dampierre (Ritzba)

fin XIIe siècle

Successor of Ri haZaken at the head of the Dampierre school.

Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi (Riba)

XIIe siècle

First known tosafist, student of Rashi, in Speyer.

Isaac ben Jacob Ha-laban

Tosafist and liturgical poet active in Prague in the twelfth century, brother of the traveler Pethahia of Regensburg. Among the earliest Tosafists, contemporary of R. Eleazar of Metz and disciple of…

Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan

XIIe siècle

Disciple of Rabbeinu Tam, commentary on the tractate Ketoubot.

Isaac ben Judah

Twelfth-century talmudist, master of Rashi. Originally from Lorraine, he settled early in Germany where he studied under Eleazar ha-Gadol, before successively heading the rabbinical schools of Mainz…

Isaac ben Lévi de Provence

French liturgical poet, active in the twelfth century. Several piyyoutim for Rosh Hashanah preserved in the Maḥzor of Provence are attributed to him. Zunz supposes he is identical to the "Ben Lévi"…

Isaac ben Meir (Rivam)

XIIe siècle

Grandson of Rashi, elder brother of Rabbeinu Tam, died young.

Isaac ben Meïr de Narbonne

French liturgical poet of the first half of the twelfth century, mentioned as such by Joseph Ḳara in his commentary on Job. Probably five liturgical poems are attributed to him, including a pizmon…

Isaac ben Melchizedek de Siponte

Italian rabbi and talmudist, active around 1110-70, born in Siponto, in Apulia, a former center of Jewish study. He later settled in Salerno, where the traveler Benjamin of Tudela, who called him…

Isaac ben Merwan Ha-levi

French Talmudist, active in the first third of the twelfth century, eldest son of Merwan of Narbonne. As respected as his father, he was elected rabbi of Narbonne and his Talmudic decisions carried…

Isaac ben Moses of Vienna

German decisor from Bohemia, active around 1200-70, known by the name Isaac Or Zaroua. Trained in Regensburg, in Paris under Juda ben Isaac Sir Léon, then in Worms and Speyer, he became head of…

Isaac ben Samuel de Dampierre (Ri haZaken)

c. 1115–c. 1184

Head of the tosafist school of Dampierre, nephew of Rabbeinu Tam.

Isaac ben Samuel de Narbonne

French scholar, active in the first half of the 12th century, cited in an anonymous commentary on the Chronicles composed in Narbonne before 1140 as a source of verbal explanations of several verses.…

Isaac ben Samuel Ha-sefardi

Spanish biblical exegete, active in the 11th-12th centuries, whose commentary, written in Arabic, suggests he lived in Palestine — Steinschneider concluding rather to Aleppo. Considered the successor…

Isaac ben Samuel Ha-zaḳen

French Tosafist and biblical commentator, active in Ramerupt then in Dampierre in the 12th century, nicknamed « ha-Zaḳen » to distinguish him from a younger Tosafist of the same name. According to…

Isaac ha-Kohen de Narbonne

XIIe–XIIIe s.

Disciple of Abraham ben David of Posquières (the Rabad). He wrote a commentary, now lost, on several tractates of the Talmud Yerushalmi, cited by later authorities such as Isaac of Lattes and Menahem…

Isaac ibn Ezra

1114–1158

Spanish poet

Isaac l'Aveugle

c. 1160–1235

Son of the Raavad, one of the first kabbalists of Provence.

Isaiah di Trani

Leading Italian Talmudist, born around 1180, probably in Trani, a former center of Jewish learning, and died around 1250, after having lived mainly in Venice. Correspondent of Simḥa of Spires and his…

Isaiah di Trani l'Ancien (Rid)

c. 1180–c. 1250

Principal talmudist of Italy, author of tossafot and halakhic decisions.

Itze de Tchernigov

Russian scholar of the 12th century, often consulted by his contemporaries on questions of biblical exegesis, probably identical to the Isaac of Russia mentioned in English archives of 1181. His…

Jacob B. Gershom Ha-gozer

German talmudist of the twelfth century, nicknamed « the Mohel », nephew of Ephraïm ben Jacob of Bonn with whom he maintained learned correspondence, and in personal contact with Éliézer ben Joël…

Jacob ben Nathanael ibn Al-fayyumi

Head of the yeshiva of the Jews of Yemen in the second half of the twelfth century, Jacob ben Nathanaël ibn al-Fayyoumi wrote to Maimonides, on the advice of Solomon ha-Cohen, to ask his counsel…

Jacob ben Nethanel al-Fayyumi

XIIe siècle

Leader of the Yemenite community, recipient of Maimonides' Epistle to Yemen (1172).

Jacob ben Samson

French Tosafist and liturgist, active in Paris or Falaise in the first third of the twelfth century, Jacob ben Samson — whom some, according to Moses Taku, claim was a student of Rashi and master of…

Jacob ben Solomon

French Tosafist born in Courson, in the Yonne, active between 1180 and 1250, disciple of Samson of Sens and probably master of Meïr of Rothenburg, Jacob ben Solomon — also said Jacob of Courson — is…

Jacob D'orléans

French Tosafist, died as a martyr in London on September 3, 1189 during the anti-Jewish riots that accompanied the coronation of Richard I, Jacob of Orleans was one of the most distinguished…

Jacob de Chinon

French Tosafist, active around 1190-1260, student of Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre and master of Pérets of Corbeil; his two brothers, Nathanaël « the Saint » and Éliézer ben Joseph « the Martyr »,…

Jacob de Corbeil

French tosafist of the 12th century, nicknamed « the Holy », brother of Juda of Corbeil, author of tossafot on several talmudic treatises. Praised by Aaron ben Ḥayyim ha-Cohen in his commentary on…

Jacob of London

1101–1217

British rabbi

Jair

Jean de Séville

John of Seville, also known as Johannes Toletanus, was a Jew converted to Christianity who worked between 1135 and 1153 as one of the first translators from Arabic. Associated for a time with…

Jéhiel ben Joseph de Paris

Tosafist and controversialist born in Meaux at the end of the twelfth century and died in Palestine in 1286, Jehiel ben Joseph of Paris — also called Sir Vives, Jehiel the Saint or Jehiel the Elder —…

Joceus D'york

Joceus of York was, before the expulsion of Jews from England, the leader of the Jewish community of York at the time of the massacre of 1190. Mentioned in the first known English Jewish act in 1176,…

Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi

XIIe siècle

Rhineland tosafist, father of Ra'avya.

Jonathan ben David ha-Cohen

1135–1211

12th-century French commentator on the Talmud

Josef ben Meir ibn Zabara

1140–1200

médecin et moraliste catalan

Joseph Bekhor Shor d'Orléans

XIIe siècle

Exegete and tosafist of Orléans, disciple of Rabbeinu Tam.

Joseph ben Aḥmad ibn Ḥasdai

Joseph ben Ahmad ibn Hasdaï, physician and medical writer Egyptian, lived in Cairo in the early twelfth century; although his biographer Ibn Abi Usaybi'a does not explicitly assert his Jewish origin,…

Joseph ben Isaac Bekor Shor D'orléans

Tosafist, exegete and French poet, active in the second half of the twelfth century, student of Jacob Tam and contemporary of Samuel ben Meïr (Rachbam), with whom he shares the exegetical school…

Joseph ben Jacob ibn Ẓaddiḳ

Joseph ben Jacob ibn Tsaddiq, Spanish rabbi, poet and philosopher, died in Cordova in 1149. A renowned Talmudist, he was appointed dayan of Cordova in 1138, a position he held jointly with Maïmon,…

Joseph ben Judah ibn Aknin

1140–1266

13th-century Jewish philosopher, poet and writer

Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta

1160–1226

Moroccan writer and physician

Joseph ben Moses de Troyes

Joseph ben Moïse of Troyes was a French Talmudist of the first half of the twelfth century. Isaac ben Samuel the Elder reports in his responsa Talmudic explanations received orally from him; he would…

Joseph de Chartres

Joseph of Chartres, a French elegiac poet, was born in the second half of the twelfth century — Zunz places him active around 1200-10 — brother-in-law of Joseph b. Nathan of Étampes and great-uncle…

Joseph ibn Migash

1077–1141

Talmudist of Lucena in Spain, disciple of the Rif, he was the teacher of Maimonides' father. His talmudic commentaries were highly esteemed by the decisors.

Joseph Kimhi

vers 1105–1170

Grammarian, exegete and translator, father of David and Moïse Kimhi, a refugee from Spain to Provence. He introduced Andalusian Hebrew grammar into Christian lands.

Juda ibn Tibbon

1120–1190

Andalusian scholar, translator, linguist and rabbi

Judah B. Kalonymus B. Meïr

German historian and talmudic lexicographer, active in the second half of the 12th century, from one of the most illustrious Jewish families in Germany—his father Kalonymus was a scholar, notable of…

Judah ben Abraham

Disciple of Rashi, active in the early 12th century. With Shemaya, father-in-law of the Rashbam, he studied under Rashi then arranged the posthumous writings of their master and edited, according to…

Judah ben Barzillai

Spanish Talmudist of the late eleventh and early twelfth century, belonging to a distinguished Barcelona family which earned him the title of "ha-Nasi" (the prince); little is known of his life,…

Judah ben Isaac

French Tosafist, born in Paris in 1166 and died in this city in 1224, probably a descendant of Rashi and disciple of Isaac ben Samuel of Dampierre and his son Elhanan. Forced to leave Paris in 1182,…

Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon de Paris

c. 1166–1224

Founded an important tosafist school in Paris (Sir Léon).

Judah ben Menahem

Italian liturgical poet, probably active in Rome in the mid-twelfth century, father of the Roman dayan Menahem ben Juda. He is the author of fourteen piyyutim, some of which appear in the printed…

Judah ben Yakar

1170–1220

kabbalist, teacher of Nachmanides

Judah ibn Shabbethai

1168–1225

Spanish poet

Kalonymus ben Todros

French scholar, active in Narbonne in the second half of the 12th century, bearing the title of « Nasi »; he headed the community when Benjamin of Tudela visited Narbonne in 1165, then shared this…

Ma'ali ibn Hibat Allah, Abu Al-

Egyptian physician, active in Cairo at the end of the twelfth century, physician to Saladin and then, after his death, to his brother Al-Malik al-'Adil. According to Ibn Abi Usaybi'ah, who praises…

Maïmon ben Joseph

Spanish exegete and moralist, born around 1110, father of Moses Maimonides. Trained under Joseph ibn Migash in Lucena, he becomes dayyan and writes in Arabic a commentary on the Pentateuch as well as…

Maïmon ben Yossef HaDayan

1110–1170

Rabbi, exegete and Andalusian moralist of the 12th century

Maïmonide (Rambam)

1138-1204

The greatest philosopher and codifier of Judaism, born in Córdoba. His Guide for the Perplexed achieves the synthesis between Aristotelian reason and Jewish faith. His Mishneh Torah is the first…

Meïr B. Isaac de Tarascon

French scholar of the twelfth century, member of the family of Menahem Méiri of Perpignan, native of Carcassonne and disciple of Abraham ben David (RaBaD) of Posquières in Provence. Settled in…

Meïr ben Joseph ben Merwan Ha-levi

French scholar, active in Narbonne in the twelfth century, brother of nassi R. Moïse ben Joseph ben Merwan and disciple of Isaac ben Merwan, head of the academy of Narbonne. Highly esteemed, he is…

Ménachem ben Siméon

French biblical exegete of the late 12th century, native of Posquières and disciple of Joseph Ḳimḥi. The Bibliothèque nationale de Paris holds his commentary on Jeremiah, completed in 1191, and that…

Menahem B. Judah

Roman halakist of the twelfth century, of whom neither the year of birth nor that of death is known, but who came from a family of scholars; he is mentioned by Benjamin of Tudela and personally…

Menahem B. Solomon B. Isaac

Author of the "Sekel Ṭob" and the "Eben Boḥan," active in Italy in the first half of the twelfth century. The "Sekel Ṭob," a midrashic compilation on the Pentateuch completed in Rome in 1139,…

Menahem ben Perez de Joigny

French tosafist and biblical exegete of the 12th century. Zadoc Kahn identifies him with Menahem the Saint, killed according to him during the massacre of Bray-sur-Seine in 1190, while Gross, more…

Meshullam ben Jacob de Lunel

French Talmudist, died in Lunel in 1170. He directs a Talmudic school that trains several renowned scholars and maintains an esteemed correspondence with Abraham ben Isaac, av bet din of Narbonne;…

Meshullam ben Nathan de Melun

French Tosafist, born in Narbonne around 1120, member of the rabbinical college of the city and signatory of a responsum around 1150. Settling shortly afterwards in Melun, where he acquired great…

Moïse B. Benjamin Ha-sofer de Rome

Liturgical poet of the 12th century, author of several piyyoutim for Passover, Shavuot, and certain particular sabbaths, whose style and composition distinguish themselves from those of earlier…

Moïse ben Abraham de Pontoise

Tosafist of the 12th century, disciple of Jacob Tam with whom he maintains a scholarly correspondence and whose assembly he frequents. Author of several liturgical poems preserved in manuscript, he…

Moïse ben Joseph ben Merwan Ha-lévi

French talmudist, active around the middle of the twelfth century, nephew and disciple of Isaac ben Merwan ha-Lévi, nicknamed by his peers « great scholar, nassi R. Moïse ». He directs the yeshivah…

Moïse ben Joseph Ha-kohen

Liturgical poet of the late 12th century, perhaps the Moses ben Joseph who came to the aid of oppressed Jews in the Rhineland provinces in 1196. He composed a seliḥa, « Arba'ah Abot Neziḳin », where…

Moïse ben Maimon

Talmudist, philosopher, astronomer, and physician, born in Cordova on March 30, 1135, died in Cairo on December 13, 1204, known in Arabic by the name Abu 'Imran Musa ben Maimun ibn 'Abd Allah.…

Moïse ben Nahman (Nahmanide, Ramban)

1194–1270

One of the greatest masters of medieval Talmudic literature. He held the Disputation of Barcelona (20–31 July 1263) against Pablo Christiani before James I of Aragon, winning the public debate but…

Moïse ben Salomon Ha-kohen Ashkenazi

German Tosafist, active in Mainz in the 12th century, probably originally from France. Disciple of R. Isaac ha-Zaḳen then of Jacob Tam and, in Mainz, of Éliézer ben Nathan, he counts among his…

Moïse ben Todros

Spanish rabbi, active around 1150. Long time nasi of Narbonne, reputed for his erudition and charity, he is surnamed « he'anaw », the modest, and figures among the signers of the celebrated appeal…

Moïse de Kiev

Russian Talmudist, active in the first half of the 12th century, probably moved to Western Europe after the expulsion of Jews from Kiev in 1124. Possibly a disciple of Jacob ben Meïr Tam, he…

Moïse de Paris

Exegete, active in the mid-12th century, identified by Gross as Moïse ben Jehiel ben Mattathia, leader of the Jewish community of Paris, of whom the Maḥzor Vitry reports that he defended the Jews of…

Moïse de Smolensk

Russian engraver, known from a document dated 1284 relating to a dispute between a Russian and a German over a bell, bearing the signature of Duke Feodor of Smolensk followed by the mention « Moses,…

Moïse Ha-kohen de Lunel

French talmudist, active around 1200, one of the rabbis who criticized the writings of Maimonides. He drafts a series of critiques of the « Mishneh Torah », preserved at the Bodleian; Gross…

Moïse ibn Ezra

vers 1055–1138

Poet and philosopher of Granada, one of the great masters of Andalusian Hebrew poetry. Author of widely circulated penitential poems (selichot).

Moïse Maïmonide (Moshe ben Maimon, Rambam)

c. 1138–1204

Born in Cordova, fled to Fez then to Fostat (Cairo), physician at the Ayyubid court. Author of the Mishneh Torah (complete halakhic code) and the Guide for the Perplexed (Moreh Nevoukhim), a pinnacle…

Moses ben Naḥman Gerondi

Talmudist, exegete and Spanish physician, born in Gerona — from which his name « Gerondi » derives — in 1194, died in Palestine around 1270. Grandson of Isaac ben Reuben of Barcelona and cousin of…

Moses Kimhi

c. 1127–c. 1190

Grammarian of Narbonne (ReMaK), author of the Mahalakh Shevilei ha-Daat.

Moshe Bar Maimon

mentionné en 1161

Rabbi, 12th century. Mentioned in 4921 of the Hebrew era (1161). Listed in Malkhei Rabbanan (Yosef Ben Naim, 1931), f. 97-1.

Mudawwar, Elias ibn Al-

Arab poet and physician, active in Ronda, probably in the first half of the twelfth century. Known to Arab historians as a poet, he is the subject of an anecdote reported by Al-Maqqari: having…

Munajja, Abu Al-faraj ibn Ṣadaḳah

Samaritan writer, active in the 12th century, probably in Damascus, son of a reputed poet. He wrote several commentaries on the Pentateuch, which became works of reference for Samaritans, and a…

Naḥman ben Ḥayyim Ha-kohen

French Tosafist, active toward the end of the twelfth century, son of Ḥayyim ben Hananeel ha-Cohen according to Gross. Author of the "Sefer Naḥmani", cited by Joseph Colon in his responsa (ed.…

Narboni, David ben Joseph

Rabbi who lived in Narbonne, France, in the first half of the twelfth century, probably son of Joseph Gaon of Narbonne. He corresponded with Abraham ibn Ezra, to whom he addressed in 1139 three…

Nathan ben Meïr de Trinquetaille

Talmudist and biblical exegete active in twelfth and thirteenth century France. Paternal grandfather of Estori ha-Parhi, he was the master of Nahmanide and Samuel ha-Sardi, author of the « Sefer…

Nazirite, Isaac

One of the first Kabbalists, whom tradition — not without reservation — presents as the true founder of Kabbalah, whose secrets were allegedly revealed to him in a vision by the prophet Elijah. Isaac…

Parḥon, Salomon B. Abraham ibn

Spanish philologist of the twelfth century, originally from Calatayud, in Aragon, student of Juda ha-Lévi and Abraham ibn Ezra, from whom he reports remarks, notably on the inadmissibility of meter…

Pedro Ii

King of Aragon (1196-1213), who went to Rome in 1204 to receive his crown from the hands of Pope Innocent III and swore to him loyalty and persecution of heretics—a gesture that alarmed the Jews of…

Pérez B. Menahem

Rabbi of Dreux, who takes part in his old age in the great synod held before 1160 under the presidency of Jacob b. Meïr (Rabbenou Tam). Father of Menahem Vardimas, author of an « aqeda » of…

Petahia de Ratisbonne

1200–1225

Czech rabbi

Peter

Tosafist of the twelfth century, student of Samuel ben Meïr and Jacob Tam. He fell victim to the persecutions of the Second Crusade: while accompanying the remains of a parnas, he was assailed by the…

Pethahiah B. Jacob Ha-laban

Traveler born in Prague, active between 1175 and 1190, who travels from Regensburg to the Orient crossing Poland, southern Russia, Armenia, Persia, Babylonia and Palestine. His travel notes,…