Baruch Spinoza
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Philosopher of Amsterdam, excommunicated (herem) by the Jewish community in 1656. His Theologico-Political Treatise (1670) founds modern biblical criticism. His Ethics, a masterpiece of rationalism, influenced the Enlightenment. Hegel called him "the starting point of all modern philosophy."
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Works by this author
Compendium of Hebrew Grammar (Compendium Grammatices Linguae Hebraeae)
1677
Ethics (Ethica, Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata)
1677
Political Treatise (Tractatus Politicus)
1677
Principles of Cartesian Philosophy (Renati des Cartes Principiorum Philosophiae)
1663
Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being
1662
Theological-Political Treatise (Tractatus Theologico-Politicus)
1670
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