The Jews of Livorno and the Nazione Ebrea

Thanks to the Livornine privileges granted by the Medici in 1591–1593, Livorno attracted many Iberian Marranos returning to Judaism, never imposing a ghetto. A free port and hub of Mediterranean trade, it became a major centre of Hebrew printing and the cradle of the Grana who spread to the Maghreb. Its Nazione Ebrea enjoyed remarkable autonomy.