Merneptah Stele — "Israel is laid waste, its seed is no more"
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The Merneptah Stele, discovered in 1896 at Thebes, contains the first known historical mention of "Israel" outside the Bible: "Israel is laid waste, its seed is no more." The hieroglyphic determinative indicates Israel was perceived as an ethnic entity, not yet a territorial state, anchoring the existence of a group called "Israel" in Canaan by the late 13th century BCE.
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