Bullae and Calculi of Susa — Roots of Accounting Script
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Before writing, there were tokens. Throughout the 4th millennium BCE, merchants and administrators in Susa (Elam) used coded clay tokens — calculi — sealed inside hollow clay bullae as proto-accounting devices. The decisive step was to imprint the tokens on the outside of the bullae: from there emerged the idea that signs alone could replace objects, leading to cuneiform writing.
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