The name Lawee belongs to the great Memory of the Jews of Babylonia, that community whose rootedness in Mesopotamia traces back, according to tradition, to the exile following the destruction of the First Temple, and whose unbroken continuity makes it one of the oldest diasporas in the Jewish world. The Lawee family is woven into the social fabric of Baghdad at the turn of the twentieth century, at a time when the city's Israelite community formed, by its demographic and economic weight, one of the major components of the Ottoman and later Iraqi city.
Before addressing the detail of the sources, it is important to establish the framework. The history of the Jews of the Middle East in the modern era cannot be reduced to a linear narrative: it combines a centuries-long presence, a deep integration into urban economies, and a brutal rupture in the middle of the twentieth century. The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in modern times formed communities whose history is marked both by a long local integration and by profound transformations linked to modernity, colonialism, and the formation of nation-states. [Simon, Laskier & Reguer, 2003]
The present volume undertakes to reconstruct, with the caution that historical prudence demands, the journey of the Lawee lineage: from its Babylonian roots to the commercial rise of the brothers Ezra and Khedouri Lawee, General Motors concessionaires in the Middle East, through the construction in 1937 of the residence known as "Beit Lawee," and on to the exodus that led the family, like so many other Iraqi Jewish families, to the shores of Montreal. Where the archive falls short, we shall note the uncertainty; where tradition speaks, we shall name it tradition.
To understand the Lawee family, one must first understand the world that shaped it. The Jewish community of Baghdad is the direct heir of Talmudic Babylonia, that intellectual cradle where the academies of Soura and Poumbedita were developed and where the Babylonian Talmud was composed. This precedence confers upon Iraqi Jewry a particular dignity within the collective consciousness of the Jewish world.
Judaism in the late antique period took shape through a long process of transformation, in which the priestly authority of the Temple gradually gave way to the authority of rabbis and masters of the Law. Ancient Judaism witnessed, between the sixth century BCE and the third century CE, a transition from priests to rabbis that profoundly redefined the structures of religious authority. [Mimouni, 2012] It was as an extension of this transformation that Babylonia became, during the first millennium, the beating heart of Jewish scholarship, under the authority of the Geonim and the Exilarch.
The environment in which these communities lived was not isolated; it was part of the religious mosaic of the medieval Near East, where Jews, Christians, and Muslims coexisted within complex societies. The formation of the medieval Middle East is characterized by the coexistence of diverse religious communities, in which the "simple believers" — the mass of ordinary faithful — played a decisive role in the transmission and persistence of confessional traditions. [Tannous, 2018] This dimension of the longue durée illuminates the resilience of a Jewish presence in Baghdad that endured through the Abbasid caliphates, Mongol and Ottoman dominations, and into the dawn of the twentieth century.
Research on Jewish communities in Islamic lands during the pre-colonial era has demonstrated how thoroughly these societies possessed their own internal structures — communal institutions, rabbinical courts, networks of solidarity, and social hierarchies. Jews living among Muslims in the pre-colonial Middle East constituted organized communities, endowed with their own institutions and integrated into local economies and societies. [Deshen & Zenner, 1996] It is within this framework that the rise of a merchant family such as the Lawee must be understood: not as an isolated phenomenon, but as the expression of a long-rooted Baghdadi Jewish bourgeoisie.
The examination of the patronym Lawee calls for caution. Unlike the great Sephardic lineages of North Africa, whose names have been the subject of detailed onomastic catalogues, the name Lawee does not appear, to our direct knowledge, in the principal repertories of North African Jewish names. This absence is not an inconsequential silence: it confirms that we are dealing with a patronym originating from the Babylonian and Iraqi sphere, and not from the Maghrebi world.
Jewish onomastic scholarship teaches that a family name may refer to a geographical origin, a trade, a nickname, or a theophoric or tribal root. The family names of North African Jews are connected to diverse origins — toponymic, professional, patronymic, or descriptive — and reflect the historical itineraries of the families who bear them. [Toledano, 2003] The same methodological principles apply, mutatis mutandis, to the onomastics of Oriental Jews.
On a conjectural level, two avenues deserve to be noted with all due reservations. The first draws Lawee closer to the Hebrew root Lévi (לוי), designating the auxiliary sacerdotal tribe; such a filiation, frequently claimed among Jewish families, remains here an undocumented hypothesis. The second considers an anglicized transcription of a vernacular Judeo-Arabic form, shaped by colonial administrative orthography at the time the family entered international commercial networks. The study of Jewish family names, from their origins to the present day, shows that spellings evolve through migrations, administrations, and linguistic contacts, such that a single name may undergo multiple transcriptions. [Toledano, 1999]
In the current state of our documentation, none of these etymologies can be considered established. We present them as editorial hypotheses, pending the confirmation that the communal registers of Baghdad or the commercial archives of the twentieth century might provide.
The rise of families such as the Lawee cannot be understood outside the context of the Jewish merchant bourgeoisie of Baghdad, which reached its apex between the late nineteenth century and the first third of the twentieth. The Israelite community then occupied a central position in the city's commerce, finance, and administration. The Jews of Baghdad formed a substantial portion of the urban population and held a determining role in trade, currency exchange, importation, and commerce.
This economic preeminence was part of a broader regional dynamic. In the modern era, Jewish communities across the Middle East and North Africa were profoundly transformed by the opening of international markets, by the penetration of European powers, and by the mutations of local societies, while, even in the pre-colonial world, these communities were already firmly embedded in urban economies. [Simon, Laskier & Reguer, 2003 ; Deshen & Zenner, 1996]
The decisive turning point was the arrival of Western manufactured goods and, most notably, the automobile. The interwar period saw major American firms seek local representatives capable of introducing their products into the markets of the Levant and Mesopotamia. Jewish merchant families, through their command of languages, their transregional networks, and their accumulated trust, proved natural partners in this expansion. It was within this niche that the Lawee brothers would distinguish themselves by becoming General Motors dealers in the Middle East, a position that placed them at the junction of American technological modernity and Baghdad's traditional commercial circuits.
It should be emphasized that this success was not an isolated case but rather the culmination of a collective trajectory: that of an Iraqi Jewish entrepreneurial class which, since the nineteenth century, had spread from Baghdad to Bombay, Calcutta, Singapore, Shanghai, Manchester, and London, weaving a diaspora commercial network of remarkable cohesion. The Lawee are part of this history of entrepreneurial "Baghdad Jews," whose mobility was at once their strength and, later, their lifeline.
At the heart of family memory stand two figures: the brothers Ezra and Khedouri Lawee. According to transmitted tradition, they were the General Motors concessionaires for the Middle East, and it was in this capacity that they accumulated the fortune enabling them to build, in 1937, the residence known as "Beit Lawee" — the "Lawee House" in Judeo-Arabic and in Hebrew.
The given name Khedouri (sometimes transliterated Khaduri, Khedoori, or Khadouri) is characteristic of Judeo-Iraqi onomastics and constitutes, in itself, a marker of belonging to the Baghdadi community. The given name Ezra, of biblical descent and particularly venerated in Babylonia — Ezra the Scribe being linked to the Memory of the Mesopotamian exile — confirms this rootedness. These onomastic choices accord with what is known of the naming practices of Eastern Jews of the period.
The construction of an eponymous residence in 1937 belongs to a gesture typical of the mercantile bourgeoisie: to affirm, through stone, the success and permanence of a lineage within the urban landscape. "Beit Lawee" thus functioned as a social sign as much as a residence — an emblem of the rootedness of a family that sought to be durably Baghdadi. This ambition for permanence renders all the more poignant the exodus that was to follow.
We wish to clarify the status of these assertions: the account of the Lawee brothers, their General Motors concession, and the Beit Lawee of 1937 reaches us as transmitted memory of the family and community. It is highly plausible and coherent with the historical context reconstructed in the preceding chapters — the introduction of the American automobile, the role of Jewish merchants in this trade — but we were unable, within the scope of the present volume, to corroborate it through a commercial archive or a notarial deed directly consulted. In keeping with the scholarly standards of this work, we therefore present it as received testimony, plausible in nature, whose documentary confirmation remains an open undertaking for researchers.
The history of the Lawee family shifts, as does that of Iraqi Judaism as a whole, in the middle of the twentieth century. The rise of nationalisms, the deterioration of minority status, and the political upheavals of the post-1948 era brought about the collapse of a Jewish presence more than two millennia old in Mesopotamia. The modern era was, for the Jewish communities of the Middle East, one of profound ruptures tied to political transformations and the formation of nation-states, which culminated in the mass departure of populations long rooted in the region. [Simon, Laskier & Reguer, 2003]
The Lawee family, according to tradition, took the road of exile and rebuilt itself in Montréal. This choice reflects a documented reality: Canada, and Montréal in particular, welcomed a notable share of the Iraqi Jewish diaspora and, more broadly, the Sephardic-Oriental diaspora in the post-war decades. The trajectory of the Lawees stands at the intersection of family memory — which recounts the flight and the new beginning — and the history of migrations, which confirms its general framework.
The fate of the Lawees illustrates a dynamic observed throughout the Sephardic and Oriental world, where dispersion was paradoxically accompanied by the preservation of family identities across borders. Contemporary genealogical platforms bear witness to this collective effort to reconstitute dispersed lineages. Family and genealogical platforms dedicated to Jewish families, such as those maintained by Sephardic collectives, aim to reconstitute and preserve the Memory of lineages scattered by migrations. [Encaoua.org, 2024] Likewise, Sephardic genealogy resources and collaborative databases offer a methodological framework for documenting such families. Online genealogical resources make it possible to reconstruct the family trees of Jewish families from records, testimonies, and community contributions. [Geneanet, 2024]
What Memory transmits — the exodus, the arrival in Montréal, the persistence of the Lawee name in a new land — is thus substantiated, in its broad outlines, by the known History of Iraqi Jewish migrations. The details of dates, itineraries, and precise settlements remain, however, dependent on family archives and immigration records that would need to be examined.
The Lawee lineage poses, in miniature, the fundamental question of all diasporic genealogy: how does one articulate transmitted Memory and the established archive? The history of the Jewish people, in its long duration, has constantly been built upon this fertile tension between oral transmission, narrative, and written record.
Studies on the relationship between Judaism and Christianity in the Middle Ages have shown how much collective memory shapes the identity of communities, sometimes beyond what the archive alone could establish. The study of relations between Jews and Christians in the Middle Ages reveals that memory and collective representations play a structuring role in the construction of communal identities. [Yuval, 2012] This lesson holds for the Lawee: the « Beit Lawee », the memory of the concessionary brothers, the epic of the exodus form a narrative heritage that possesses its own truth, independently of whatever documentation one may or may not recover.
For the Sephardic and Eastern genealogist, the challenge consists in confronting these narratives with material sources: communal registers from Baghdad, commercial archives linked to General Motors, civil records and Canadian immigration registers. The methods developed for the great Sephardic families, and formalized in reference onomastic studies, offer a transposable model. The method of inquiry into Jewish names and families consists in cross-referencing transmitted traditions with documentary sources in order to distinguish what belongs to narrative from what can be established. [Toledano, 2003 ; Toledano, 1999]
At this stage, the Lawee lineage thus presents itself as an open dossier, situated at the intersection of the certain and the probable: certain is the existence of a prosperous Baghdadi Jewish bourgeoisie and its exodus in the twentieth century; probable, and received by tradition, is the singular trajectory of the brothers Ezra and Khedouri and their house. To honor this lineage is to hold these two registers together without confusing one with the other.
At the close of this journey, the Lawee family emerges as a representative fragment of a greater history: that of the Jews of Babylonia, heirs to a centuries-old presence in Mesopotamia, who rose to prosperity in interwar Baghdad before being swept up in the upheaval that scattered Iraqi Jewry across the world. The brothers Ezra and Khedouri Lawee, General Motors dealers and builders of the « Beit Lawee » in 1937, embody the apex of an ascending trajectory; their exodus to Montreal marks both its rupture and its reconstruction.
At each stage, this work has sought to distinguish what belongs to established History — the Babylonian roots, the Jewish merchant bourgeoisie, the context of the exodus — from what belongs to transmitted Memory — the fraternal figures, the eponymous dwelling, the particulars of the migration. The history of Middle Eastern Jews in the modern era, shaped by a long local integration followed by major upheavals, provides the general framework within which the trajectories of individual families unfold. [Simon, Laskier & Reguer, 2003 ; Deshen & Zenner, 1996]
Far from closing the dossier, this volume is an invitation to continue it. Commercial archives, Baghdad's communal registers, and Montreal immigration sources will one day allow what remains probable Memory to be transformed into established History. Such is the vocation of a Great Book: not to fix a legend in place, but to offer the lineage a framework in which received truth and documented truth may one day converge.
