Every lineage carries within its name a fragment of history. The patronym Kisling, today inseparably linked to the painting of the École de Paris, sinks its roots into the Ashkenazi world of central Europe, that vast space where, from the Rhine to the Vistula, Jewish communities shaped, over the centuries, a singular civilization. When a name becomes famous through a single man, there is a temptation to reduce the lineage to that one glory. The present work intends to resist this shortcut: before becoming the name of a painter, Kisling was the name of a Jewish family from Galicia, heir to a long tradition of mobility, adaptation, and Memory.
The Ashkenazi patronyms, it must be recalled, are of late appearance. Ashkenazi Jews (from Eastern Europe and Germany) only adopted family names late, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when the governments of Europe imposed it. The name Kisling thus belongs to this generation of patronyms fixed by administrative decree, in the wake of the reforms of the Germanic and Austro-Hungarian empires. Its very form — Germanic in structure, borne by a Jewish family from Cracovie — illustrates the condition of the Jews of Galicia, subject to the German-language administration of the Habsburgs while remaining faithful to their tradition.
This book will follow two intertwined threads: the tenuous and conjectural one of the onomastic and communal origins of the lineage; and the abundantly documented one of its most illustrious representative, Moïse Kisling (1891–1953). Between the uncertain Memory of origins and the precise archive of the Parisian destiny emerges the portrait of a family emblematic of the Jewish migrations of the early twentieth century.
The etymology of the name Kisling remains uncertain, and any claim on the matter reflects hypothesis rather than documentary evidence. Several avenues, conveyed by onomastic reference works, nonetheless deserve to be presented with the caution they require.
A first tradition connects the name to a medieval Germanic root. The patronym Kisling, rare but enduring, is often associated with a medieval Germanic root. This hypothesis would place the origin of the name within the German-speaking linguistic sphere, which is consistent with the distribution of the patronym among German-speaking populations, both Jewish and Christian.
A second avenue, specific to the Jewish world, proposes a Yiddish derivation. According to certain genealogical reference works, the name may derive from the Yiddish word kisel, meaning "pudding" or "porridge," which could have been a nickname given to someone who prepared or sold such a dish, or referred to a personal characteristic. Such an origin, rooted in a trade or trait, is characteristic of many Ashkenaze surnames, born from nicknames before being fixed as hereditary family names.
The necessary circumspection must be restated here. These interpretations, drawn from commercial genealogical databases, do not rest on archival records allowing one to trace with certainty a single root. The most probable explanation is that the name Kisling encompasses several unrelated families, dispersed across the German-speaking and Jewish worlds. What remains established, however, is the general historical context: Sephardic Jews did not begin adopting family names until the fifteenth century, while Ashkenaze Jews did so much later, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when European governments required it. The Kisling lineage of Kraków belongs to this dynamic of administrative attribution.
To understand the Kisling family, one must look to Galicia, and more specifically to Cracow, where its most illustrious member was born. Moïse Kisling was born in Cracow, then part of Austria-Hungary, to Jewish parents. This geographical and political precision is essential: Cracow, the former capital of Poland, had passed under Austrian domination during the partitions of the eighteenth century, and constituted at the turn of the twentieth century a major center of Jewish life in Central Europe.
The Kisling family belonged to modest circumstances. French sources, including the Encyclopædia Universalis, emphasize this condition: Moïse Kisling was born into a modest Jewish family, and his father initially destined him for a career as an engineer. This biographical detail is revealing of a social dynamic common to many Jewish families of Galicia: the aspiration, through education and the technical professions, toward social advancement and integration into the modernity of the Habsburg Empire. The Kazimierz quarter, the historic heart of Cracow's Jewish community, formed the backdrop of this existence.
The Jewishness of the family, as it emerges from the sources, is above all of a cultural and social order rather than strictly religious in the account offered by biographers. Yet the weight of tradition endured, if only in the choice of the Hebrew given name, Mojżesz — Moïse —, borne by the future painter and attested by the Polish registers: Moïse Kisling, born Mojżesz Kisling on 22 January 1891. This most biblical of names rooted the child in Jewish Memory before he had even forged a French identity.
Against his father's wishes, who wanted him to become an engineer, the young Mojżesz turned to painting. His training took place at the most prestigious institution in the city. Kisling studied at the Academy of Fine Arts. French sources clarify the chronology: he attended the Cracow School of Fine Arts from approximately 1907 to 1911, leaving secondary school at the age of fifteen to pursue his vocation.
The role of his teacher proved decisive. Among his professors was Jozef Pankiewicz, a fervent admirer of Auguste Renoir and the French Impressionists, who encouraged him to go to Paris, the international center of artistic creation at the dawn of the twentieth century. Pankiewicz was no ordinary pedagogue: he was a personal friend of Renoir and Bonnard, and embodied, within Polish painting, an openness to the most vital currents of French art.
This transmission was decisive for the young man's destiny. The love of France, which would prove central to Kisling's life, was instilled in him from his time in Cracovie: Moïse Kisling arrived in Paris in 1910 carrying nothing but a precocious painterly talent and an immense love of France, instilled by his teacher Joseph Pankiewicz, personal friend of Renoir and Bonnard. Thus, the painter's Galician formation was, from the very outset, oriented toward the West, preparing a uprootedness that would also prove a fulfillment.
The year 1910 marks the great biographical rupture. Kisling left for Paris in 1910, at the age of nineteen. He settled first in the artists' quarter par excellence before moving to the left bank: after establishing himself in Montmartre, Kisling became a member of the Parisian avant-garde.
It was in Montparnasse, above all, that his legend was forged. In Montmartre and then, a few years later, in Montparnasse, he lived for the following twenty-seven years and became part of a community of émigrés that included the artists Amedeo Modigliani and Georges Braque. This cosmopolitan milieu, where painters, poets and dealers from across Europe crossed paths, formed the fertile ground of what art history has named the École de Paris — a loose grouping of artists, often Jewish and foreign, united not by a style but by a place and an era.
Kisling's singularity within this group lies in the mastery of his craft and the sensuality of his manner. Moïse Kisling occupies a distinctive place in the landscape of twentieth-century European art: a painter of refined sensuality and quiet intensity, whose works bridged the poetic intimacy of the École de Paris and a deeply personal vision. His portraits of women with immense eyes, his nudes with luminous flesh and his southern landscapes earned him, even during his lifetime, a recognition and material comfort that many of his fellow travellers never knew. His studio became one of the gathering points of the international bohème, and his friendship with Modigliani, of whom he was among the closest companions, remains one of the most frequently evoked episodes of Montparnassian life.
Kisling's attachment to his adopted homeland did not remain sentimental: it was sealed in blood. When the First World War broke out, the painter, a foreigner in France, enlisted in the Foreign Legion. He became a French citizen in 1915, after having served and been wounded in the French Foreign Legion during the First World War.
This commitment seals the double identity of the lineage: Jewish and Galician by birth, French by choice and by sacrifice. The naturalization of 1915, obtained at the cost of a war wound, made the son of Kraków a full citizen of the Republic, fulfilling the love of France once sown by Pankiewicz. For a Jew from Central Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century, this integration through arms and through law constituted a remarkable trajectory, of which the history of the École de Paris offers other examples, but which, in Kisling's case, took on a singular clarity.
History, however, would impose a new uprooting. The rise of dangers in the Europe of the 1930s, then the collapse of 1940, forced the Jewish painter to flee. He emigrated to the United States in 1940, following the fall of France. This American exile, motivated both by his Jewishness and by his status as a threatened artist, illustrates once again the condition of the lineage: buffeted by the catastrophes of the century, compelled into perpetual movement. Kisling remained across the Atlantic during the years of the Occupation, before returning to France once peace had come.
The return to France after the war closes the great migratory cycle of Moïse Kisling. After the end of the war, he returned. The painter rediscovered France and the Mediterranean Midi, whose light had nourished a significant part of his work, and where he continued his career until his death in 1953. Moïse Kisling died on 29 April 1953.
The posterity of the lineage is measured by two yardsticks. On one hand, the work: a considerable corpus, catalogued and dispersed across public and private collections throughout the world, which today makes Kisling one of the most acclaimed names of the École de Paris. On the other hand, the family descendants, who watched over this heritage. Tradition holds that his sons contributed to the conservation and authentication of their father's work, establishing the authoritative catalogue raisonné — a endeavour through which the name Kisling, originally the patronym of a Jewish family from Cracovie, became a reference in art history. Here, family memory and scholarly archive speak to each other and mutually confirm one another: what the family transmits of the painter's life aligns, in its broad outlines, with what the catalogues and encyclopaedic notices establish.
Thus the Kisling lineage offers, in a single exemplary trajectory, the condensed essence of a European Jewish destiny: Galician rootedness, displacement westward, French integration paid for in blood, exile before barbarism, return at last, and the transmission of a name that became a work.
At the end of this journey, the name Kisling emerges as a point of convergence where several histories intertwine: the conjectural one of an Ashkenaze patronym with uncertain Germanic or Yiddish roots; the documented one of Jewish Galicia and Habsburg Kraków; and finally, the luminous one of a painter who bore this name to the heights of twentieth-century art.
The Kisling lineage, as the sources allow us to reconstruct it, illustrates the Jewish condition of Central Europe in all its tension: between fidelity to tradition and the desire for emancipation, between local rootedness and forced mobility, between Memory as it is transmitted and History as it can be verified. From the modest family of Kraków to the French citizen wounded for his adopted homeland, from Pankiewicz's pupil to the master of Montparnasse, from the exile of 1940 to the painter who returned home, it is the entire destiny of European Judaism in the early twentieth century that is reflected in this single trajectory.
The Great Book cannot claim to have exhausted the deep origins of the name, which remain largely shrouded in conjecture. But it will have, at the very least, restored to the Kisling lineage its historical depth, by showing that behind the glory of a painter there always stands the long patience of a family and a people.
